Table 4.
Fetal outcome
| Non‐exposed (n = 374 391) | Any Beta‐Blockers (n = 4847) | P‐valuea | Beta‐blocker | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atenolol (n = 638) | Labetalol (n = 3357) | Metoprolol (n = 324) | Propranolol (n = 489) | P‐valueb | ||||
| Infant Gender Male | 192 013 (51.3%) | 2569 (53.0%) | 0.02 | 322 (50.5%) | 1784 (53.1%) | 172 (53.1%) | 268 (54.8%) | 0.51 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3353 ± 554 | 2996 ± 811 | <0.001 | 3058 ± 748 | 2926 ± 841 | 3163 ± 702 | 3286 ± 651 | <0.001 |
| Low birth weight ( <2500g) | 19 393 (5.2%) | 1025 (21.2%) | <0.001 | 115 (18.0%) | 820 (24.4%) | 43 (13.3%) | 37 (7.6%) | <0.001 |
| Very Low birth weight (<1500 g) | 3441 (0.9%) | 291 (6.0%) | <0.001 | 24 (3.8%) | 248 (7.4%) | 10 (3.1%) | 8 (1.6%) | <0.001 |
| APGAR score at 1 min | 8.3 ± 1.1 | 7.9 ± 1.5 | <0.001 | 8.0 ± 1.4 | 7.9 ± 1.5 | 8.1 ± 1.3 | 8.2 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| Low APGAR score (<7) | ||||||||
| At 1 min | 16 755 (4.5%) | 487 (10.0%) | <0.001 | 52 (8.2%) | 378 (11.3%) | 19 (5.9%) | 34 (7.0%) | <0.001 |
| At 5 min | 3024 (0.8%) | 113 (2.3%) | <0.001 | 14 (2.2%) | 83 (2.5%) | 8 (2.5%) | 7 (1.4%) | 0.55 |
| At 10 min | 1430 (0.4%) | 46 (0.9%) | <0.001 | 5 (0.8%) | 31 (0.9%) | 3 (0.9%) | 6 (1.2%) | 0.89 |
Values are n (%), or mean ± SD. Vaginal‐spont, spontaneous vaginal delivery.
a
Non‐exposed group vs patients exposed to any beta‐blockers. Student’s t‐ tests for continuous variables, Fisher’s exact for categorical variables.
b
Atenolol vs labetalol vs metoprolol vs propranolol. ANOVA for continuous variables, Chi‐squared for categorical variables. Neonatal death, defined as death within 28 d of birth. Low birth weight, birth weight <2500 g. Very low birth weight, birth weight <1500 g.