Table 1.
Participants' characteristics
| Variables | Total (445) | Men (254, 57.1%) | Women (191, 42.9%) | P‐values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 54.0 ± 13.0 | 51.5 ± 12.4 | 57.4 ± 13.0 | <.001 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 268 (60.4) | 170 (67.2) | 98 (51.3) | .001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.8 ± 4.5 | 28.4 ± 3.9 | 27.1 ± 5.0 | .002 |
| Intima‐media thickness, μm | 709.2 ± 144.0 | 694.9 ± 144.6 | 728.2 ± 141.4 | .02 |
| Carotid cross‐sectional area, mm2 | 14.8 ± 4.1 | 14.8 ± 4.3 | 14.7 ± 3.8 | .78 |
| Diseases and therapies | ||||
| Hypertensiona, n (%) | 359 (80.7) | 211 (83.1) | 148 (77.5) | .14 |
| Anti‐hypertensive, n (%) | 206 (57.4) | 110 (52.1) | 96 (64.9) | .02 |
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 12 (2.7) | 10 (3.9) | 2 (1.1) | .12 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 26 (5.8) | 18 (7.1) | 8 (4.2) | .20 |
| Renal diseases, n (%) | 7 (1.6) | 5 (2.0) | 2 (1.1) | .44 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 10 (2.3) | 8 (1.8) | 2 (0.5) | .14 |
| Biochemical parameters | ||||
| Glucose, mmol/L | 5.4 ± 0.9 | 5.5 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 0.7 | .02 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.4 ± 1.0 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 5.6 ± 1.0 | .01 |
| LDL, cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 1.0 | .23 |
| HDL, cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | <.001 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | <.001 |
| Serum creatinine, μmol/L | 78.7 ± 17.2 | 84.8 ± 16.3 | 70.8 ± 15.1 | <.001 |
| GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 87.9 ± 17.6 | 90.8 ± 16.9 | 84.0 ± 17.9 | <.001 |
GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein.
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation and numbers and percentages in parenthesis for quantitative and qualitative variables, respectively. Student t‐test and Fisher's exact test were applied to compare variables between men and women, and the P values were shown on the right column.
a
Hypertension was defined by 24‐h brachial mean SBP ≥ 130 mm Hg or DBP ≥ 80 mm Hg or taking anti‐hypertensive agents for BP control.