Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants according to the levels of waist circumference
| Total (N = 16 312 476) | Level 1 (N = 7 377 739) | Level 2 (N = 3 849 334) | Level 3 (N = 2 809 184) | Level 4 (N = 1 436 726) | Level 5 (N = 566 713) | Level 6 (N = 272 780) | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 43.4 ± 12.8 | 40.4 ± 12.5 | 44.8 ± 12.3 | 46.6 ± 12.4 | 47.1 ± 12.6 | 46.9 ± 13.2 | 44.5 ± 13.6 | <0.0001 |
| <40 | 6 200 717 (38.0) | 3 460 565 (46.9) | 1 263 597 (32.8) | 797 780 (28.4) | 401 977 (28.0) | 171 270 (30.2) | 105 528 (38.7) | |
| 40‐64 | 9 095 567 (55.7) | 3 603 170 (48.8) | 2 338 464 (60.8) | 1 778 942 (63.3) | 897 298 (62.5) | 335 946 (59.3) | 141 747 (52.0) | |
| ≥65 | 1 016 192 (6.2) | 314 004 (4.3) | 247 273 (6.4) | 232 462 (8.3) | 137 451 (9.6) | 59 497 (10.5) | 25 505 (9.4) | |
| Sex: male (%) | 8 079 389 (49.5) | 2 819 090 (38.2) | 2 215 133 (57.6) | 1 684 071 (60.0) | 886 603 (61.7) | 329 560 (58.2) | 144 932 (53.1) | <0.0001 |
| Body weight (kg) | 62.7 ± 11.5 | 55.7 ± 7.7 | 64.1 ± 8.4 | 68.7 ± 9.3 | 73.5 ± 10.3 | 78.1 ± 11.4 | 85.7 ± 13.8 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 3.1 | 21.0 ± 2.0 | 23.5 ± 1.9 | 25.0 ± 2.0 | 26.5 ± 2.2 | 28.1 ± 2.4 | 30.7 ± 3.2 | <0.0001 |
| Proportion of participants with body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 (%) | 4 202 597 (25.8) | 177 764 (2.4) | 766 634 (19.9) | 1 370 898 (48.8) | 1 103 611 (76.8) | 519 456 (91.7) | 264 234 (96.9) | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 78.2 ± 8.9 | 70.6 ± 5.0 | 79.8 ± 2.9 | 84.8 ± 2.9 | 89.7 ± 2.8 | 94.5 ± 2.8 | 101.3 ± 4.6 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting blood glucose level (mg/dL) | 94.2 ± 19.5 | 91.0 ± 15.9 | 95.0 ± 19.7 | 97.2 ± 21.6 | 99.1 ± 23.3 | 100.5 ± 24.9 | 102.1 ± 27.6 | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 117.0 ± 11.4 | 114.0 ± 11.4 | 118.0 ± 11.0 | 119.7 ± 10.7 | 121.0 ± 10.4 | 122.0 ± 10.2 | 123.1 ± 10.1 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 73.0 ± 8.0 | 71.3 ± 8.1 | 73.6 ± 7.8 | 74.6 ± 7.6 | 75.5 ± 7.4 | 76.0 ± 7.3 | 76.8 ± 7.1 | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol level (mg/dL) | 193.0 ± 35.9 | 185.2 ± 33.5 | 195.6 ± 35.6 | 200.7 ± 36.4 | 203.8 ± 37.0 | 206.0 ± 37.7 | 207.4 ± 38.2 | <0.0001 |
| Current smoker (%) | 4 257 145 (26.1) | 1 638 000 (22.2) | 1 105 414 (28.7) | 821 275 (29.2) | 436 793 (30.4) | 171 181 (30.2) | 84 482 (31.0) | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol drinker (%) | 1 158 030 (7.1) | 368 530 (5.0) | 304 923 (7.9) | 253 207 (9.0) | 145 820 (10.2) | 58 190 (10.3) | 27 360 (10.0) | <0.0001 |
| Regular exercise (%) | 2 728 949 (16.7) | 1 145 302 (15.5) | 700 067 (18.2) | 503 887 (17.9) | 246 917 (17.2) | 92 087 (16.3) | 40 689 (14.9) | <0.0001 |
| Number of high‐intensity exercise/week | 0.91 ± 1.6 | 0.84 ± 1.5 | 0.99 ± 1.6 | 0.98 ± 1.6 | 0.95 ± 1.6 | 0.9 ± 1.6 | 0.83 ± 1.5 | <0.0001 |
| Proportion of participants who do high‐intensity exercise ≥3 times a week | 2 254 827 (13.8) | 934 327 (12.7) | 585 746 (15.2) | 420 539 (15.0) | 205 324 (14.3) | 75 785 (13.4) | 33 106 (12.1) | <0.0001 |
| Number of moderate‐intensity exercise/week | 1.12 ± 1.7 | 1.08 ± 1.7 | 1.18 ± 1.7 | 1.17 ± 1.7 | 1.13 ± 1.7 | 1.1 ± 1.7 | 1.05 ± 1.7 | <0.0001 |
| Proportion of participants who do moderate‐intensity exercise ≥5 times a week | 1 087 093 (6.7) | 464 770 (6.3) | 273 826 (7.1) | 197 103 (7.0) | 97 463 (6.8) | 37 115 (6.6) | 16 816 (6.2) | <0.0001 |
| Low income (%) | 3 406 679 (20.9) | 1 631 664 (22.1) | 766 133 (19.9) | 547 337 (19.5) | 282 746 (19.7) | 116 872 (20.6) | 61 927 (22.7) | <0.0001 |
| Proportion of blood pressure status at baseline (%)b | ||||||||
| Optimal | 11 591 229 (71.1) | 5 804 037 (78.7) | 2 654 366 (69.0) | 1 807 135 (64.3) | 862 252 (60.0) | 321 441 (56.7) | 141 998 (52.1) | <0.0001 |
| High‐normal | 13 348 012 (81.8) | 6 428 534 (87.1) | 3 104 104 (80.6) | 2 167 574 (77.2) | 1 061 701 (73.9) | 403 323 (71.2) | 182 776 (67.0) | <0.0001 |
| Pre‐hypertension | 6 160 496 (37.8) | 2 098 812 (28.5) | 1 554 716 (40.4) | 1 293 604 (46.1) | 736 021 (51.2) | 312 782 (55.2) | 164 561 (60.3) | <0.0001 |
| Proportion of participants who developed hypertension (%) | 1 265 644 (7.8) | 308 199 (4.2) | 313 296 (8.1) | 309 886 (11.0) | 195 996 (13.6) | 90 417 (16.0) | 47 850 (17.5) | <0.0001 |
| Proportion of participants with diabetes (%) | 757 278 (4.6) | 171 885 (2.3) | 186 016 (4.8) | 187 736 (6.7) | 121 898 (8.5) | 57 094 (10.1) | 32 649 (12.0) | <0.0001 |
| Proportion of participants with hyperlipidemia (%) | 2 109 335 (12.9) | 566 967 (7.7) | 538 886 (14.0) | 505 354 (18.0) | 300 539 (20.9) | 131 048 (23.1) | 66 541 (24.4) | <0.0001 |
Level 1: men <80 cm, women <75 cm; level 2: 80 ≤ men <85 cm, 75 ≤ women <80 cm; level 3: 85 ≤ men <90 cm, 80 ≤ women <85 cm; level 4: 90 ≤ men <95 cm, 85 ≤ women <90 cm; level 5: 95 ≤ men <100 cm, 90 ≤ women <95 cm; and level 6: men ≥100 cm, women ≥95 cm.
a
The significant differences in continuous variables among the six groups were analyzed with one‐way ANOVA test and those in categorical variables were analyzed by chi‐square test.
b
According to the 2013 Korean Society of Hypertension guidelines,16 optimal: <120/80 mm Hg, high‐normal: 120‐129/<80 mm Hg, and pre‐hypertension: 130‐139/80‐90 mm Hg.