Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the population
| Parameters, n = 151 | CKD 1, n = 44 | CKD 2, n = 47 | CKD 3, n = 25 | CKD 4, n = 35 | Total population | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 49.4 ± 12.7 | 56.2 ± 12.8 | 59.9 ± 11.1 | 66.6 ± 12.1 | 57.08 ± 13.7 | <0.001 |
| Sex, (male/female), n (%) | 28 /16 (63.5/36) | 32/15 (68/32) | 18/7 (72/28) | 22/13 (50/30) | 101/51 (66.4/33.6) | 0.97 |
| Body mass index, (kg/m2) | 27.9 ± 4.4 | 28.9 ± 6.5 | 27.6 ± 4.5 | 27.8 ± 4.1 | 28.2 ± 5.1 | 0.03 |
| Body surface area, (m2) | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 3.8 ± 0.83 | 0.03 |
| Higher education level, n (%) | 11 (25) | 16 (34) | 5 (22) | 9 (25) | 41 (61.9) | 0.58 |
| History of diabetus mellitus, n (%) | 4 (9) | 7 (15) | 6 (24) | 8 (23) | 25 (37.7) | 0.19 |
| History of cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0) | 3 (12) | 7 (20) | 10 (16.6) | 0.001 |
| Laboratory characteristics | ||||||
| Hematocrit, (%) | 43.1 ± 3.4 | 41.8 ± 4.5 | 38.5 ± 4.1 | 36.8 ± 3.7 | 40.4 ± 4.5 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, (g/dL) | 13.7 ± 1.4 | 13.7 ± 1.5 | 12.7 ± 1.4 | 11.8 ± 1.3 | 13.1 ± 1.6 | 0.000 |
| Total cholesterol, (mg/dL) | 205.8 ± 37.1 | 216.5 ± 51.2 | 201.1 ± 46.1 | 190.9 ± 51.8 | 204.7 ± 46.4 | 0.09 |
| Triglycerides, (mg/dL) | 124.4 ± 45.1 | 136.7 ± 71.2 | 145.4 ± 55 | 146.6 ± 63.4 | 136.8 ± 60.3 | 0.09 |
| High‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, (mg/dL) | 53.9 ± 12.2 | 52.7 ± 13.9 | 52.6 ± 1.3 | 52 ± 11.6 | 52.8 ± 13.2 | 0.55 |
| Low‐density lipoprotein, (mg/dL) | 234.4 ± 38.6 | 241 ± 50.3 | 224 ± 56.3 | 213 ± 57.5 | 230.2 ± 50.8 | 0.59 |
| Calcium, (mg/dL) | 9.7 ± 0.5 | 9.6 ± 0.3 | 9.4 ± 0.6 | 9.3 ± 0.7 | 9.5 ± 0.5 | 0.03 |
| Phosphorus, (mg/dL) | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 4.1 ± 0.9 | 4.6 ± 0.8 | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 0.01 |
| Product of calcium × phosphorus | 39.9 ± 6.2 | 39.4 ± 6.1 | 37.7 ± 8.4 | 43.3 ± 8.8 | 4.2 ± 9.3 | 0.01 |
| Parathormone, (pg/mL) | 38.7 ± 13.9 | 44.8 ± 31.8 | 72.7 ± 71 | 156 ± 89.3 | 74.5 ± 73.2 | <0.001 |
| Serum albumin, (g/dL) | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.5 ± 0.4 | 3.9 ± 0.5 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| C‐reactive protein, (mg/L) | 1.98 ± 1.03 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 3.2 ± 1.5 | 2.9 ± 1.4 | 2.5 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| Fibrinogen, (mg/dL) | 349 ± 86.3 | 388 ± 137 | 391 ± 129 | 433 ± 125 | 387 ± 128 | 0.005 |
| Iron, (mg/dL) | 85.3 ± 37.08 | 92.2 ± 34.4 | 81.5 ± 27.2 | 71.9 ± 23.5 | 83.1 ± 32.4 | 0.001 |
| Ferritin, (mg/dL) | 110.4 ± 75.01 | 142.2 ± 102.9 | 137.4 ± 104.4 | 146.2 ± 136.2 | 133.4 ± 106 | 0.171 |
| Total iron binding capacity, (mg/dL) | 304.4 ± 76.7 | 289.8 ± 88.2 | 273.3 ± 80.2 | 290.8 ± 63.8 | 291.8 ± 77.5 | 0.459 |
| Urine total protein excretion, (mg/dL) | 212 ± 308 | 935 ± 850 | 922 ± 985 | 1826 ± 2822 | 908 ± 1784 | <0.001 |
| GFR‐MDRD (mL/min/1.7 m2) | 100 ± 14.1 | 71.9 ± 7.3 | 45.4 ± 8.9 | 21.1 ± 7.02 | 64.4 ± 31.4 | <0.001 |
| Pharmacological agents | ||||||
| Medications, n (%) | ||||||
| ACEIs/ARBs | 28 (63) | 39 (83) | 15 (60) | 29 (82) | 111 (73) | 0.01 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 5 (11) | 15 (32) | 22 (88) | 28 (80) | 70 (46) | 0.01 |
| Central blocker | 24 (55) | 5 (10) | 7 (28) | 2 (5) | 38 (57) | 0.01 |
| β‐blocker | 6 (13) | 7 (15) | 3 (12) | 4 (11) | 20 (13) | 0.22 |
| Statin | 13 (30) | 15 (32) | 23 (92) | 18 (52) | 69 (45) | 0.05 |
| Diuretics | 4 (9) | 11 (23) | 22 (88) | 31 (88) | 68 (45) | 0.01 |
| Vitamin D analogs | 2 (4) | 2 (4) | 3 (12) | 12 (34) | 19 (12) | 0.01 |
P value represents ANOVA analysis for all groups.
ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; GFR‐MDRD, Glomerular‐Filtration Rate‐Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; SD, standard deviation.