Table 1.
Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of the sample according to frailty status (n = 619)
| Robust (n = 201) | Prefrail (n = 324) | Frail (n = 94) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 69.1 ± 7.1 | 70.0 ± 6.8 | 71.6 ± 7.7 | .022a , b |
| Women | 93 (46.7) | 158 (48.8) | 63 (65.6) | .006a , b |
| Race | ||||
| White | 153 (80.5) | 242 (78.3) | 67 (72.8) | .002b , c |
| Black | 9 (4.7) | 43 (13.9) | 14 (15.2) | |
| Other | 28 (14.7) | 24 (7.8) | 11 (12.0) | |
| Education, y | ||||
| 0–5 | 111 (55.8) | 204 (63.0) | 74 (77.1) | .004b , b |
| 6–11 | 63 (31.7) | 95 (29.3) | 19 (19.8) | |
| >11 | 25 (12.6) | 25 (7.7) | 3 (3.1) | |
| Income, wages | ||||
| 1–5 | 176 (88.4) | 304 (93.8) | 92 (95.8) | .03b , b |
| >5 | 23 (11.6) | 20 (6.2) | 4 (4.2) | |
| Physical activity | 91 (45.7) | 94 (29.0) | 16 (16.7) | <.001b , e |
| Smoking | 22 (11.1) | 26 (8.0) | 10 (10.4) | .477b |
| BMI | 25.9 ± 4.4 | 27.3 ± 4.8 | 28.8 ± 5.4 | <.001a , d |
| Stroke | 9 (5.3) | 17 (6.0) | 10 (11.0) | .173b |
| Myocardial infarction | 12 (7.1) | 41 (14.4) | 12 (13.2) | .06b |
| Polypharmacyd | 41 (15) | 152 (39) | 66 (57.9) | <.001b , d |
| Disability | 7 (3.48) | 30 (9.26) | 20 (21.28) | <.001b , d |
| MoCA test | 21.2 ± 4.7 | 19.7 ± 4.8 | 17.5 ± 5.9 | <.001a , d |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or number (percentage).
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; polypharmacy, ≥5 drugs; wages, US$258.06 according to current exchange rate (R1.00 = U$0.29).
a
Analysis of variance.
Chi‐square test. Pairwise differences (test using Bonferroni‐corrections).
b
Robust vs frail.
Prefrail vs frail.
All groups differ except frail vs prefrail.
c
All groups differ.
d
Functional Activities Questionnaire ≥5 points.