Skip to main content
. 2018 Feb 19;20(3):592–605. doi: 10.1111/jch.13220

Table 1.

Description of the included studies

Authors, y Country Study design Sample size Age range or mean ± SD (SE), y Health status Definition of sleep quality Definition of morbidity Men, No. (%) Qualitya %a
Alebiosu et al (2009)20 Nigeria Cross‐sectional 254 Hypertension: 58.2 ± 9.65 Nonhypertension: 58.7 ± 10.8 Patients with hypertension and normal patients without known disease PSQI JNC 7: SBP ≥140 mm Hg and DBP ≥90 mm Hg or receiving treatment 123 (48.4) 50.0
Bansil et al (2011)18, b United States Cross‐sectional 10 308 18–39: 38.9%, 40–59: 38.3%, ≥60: 22.7% General Answered “often” or “almost always” to any of the 6 items on sleeping habits JNC 7: SBP ≥140 mmHg and DBP ≥90 mmHg or receiving treatment 5061 (49.1) 87.5
Berentzen et al (2014)37 Netherlands Cohort 1481 Baseline: 11.4 ± 0.3; follow‐up: 12.7 ± 0.4 General One variable on nighttime awakenings and three variables on daytime outcomes None 722 (48.8) 63.6
Bruno et al (2013)12, b Italy Cross‐sectional 222 56.6 ± 12.5 Essential arterial hypertension PSQI Office BP >140/90 mm Hg with ≥3 antihypertensive drugs or controlled BP with ≥4 drugs, including a diuretic 113 (50.9) 100
Colbay et al (2015)16 Turkey Cross‐sectional 94 Diabetes mellitus: 51.4 ± 8.3; no diabetes mellitus: 50.5 ± 9.8 With or without type 2 diabetes mellitus PSQI None 37 (39.4) 62.5
Elliott and Lal (2016)40 Australia Cross‐sectional 206 31.63 ± 8.51 General PSQI None 140 (68.0) 100
Erden et al (2010)24 Turkey Cross‐sectional 133 Dipper: 43.3 ± 6.3; nondipper: 44.3 ± 5.3 Newly diagnosed stage I hypertension PSQI Seated SBP ≥140 mm Hg and seated DBP ≥90 mm Hg; dippers: decrease in nighttime systolic BP was at least 10% of the mean daytime values 60 (45.1) 100
Henskens et al (2011)36 Netherlands Cross‐sectional 203 52.1 ± 12.5 Hypertension without antihypertensive treatment for ≥2 wk GSQS Untreated office SBP ≥140 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥90 mm Hg 104 (51.2) 75.0
Huang et al (2011)25 China Cross‐sectional 307 18–70; good sleeper: 54.3 ± 7.9; poor sleeper: 55.5 ± 9.5 Hypertension with lifestyle modification for at least 6 mo and stable antihypertensive medication for >8 wk PSQI JNC 7: office SBP ≥140 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥90 mm Hg 160 (52.1) 100
Jackowska et al (2016)35 United Kingdom Cross‐sectional 119 <45; 26 ± 4.9 General PSQI None 0 (0) 50.0
Kani et al (2016)49 Turkey Case‐control 95 18–60; dipper: 46.4 ± 12.4; nondipper: 47.1 ± 11.9; control: unknown Dipper and nondipper groups: hypertension; Control: healthy PSQI SBP ≥140 mm Hg and DBP ≥90 mm Hg with/without antihypertensive medication; dipping hypertension: >10% decrease in SBP and DBP Dipper and nondipper group: 33; control: unknown 50.0
Kaya et al (2014)13, b Turkey Case‐control 74 Case: 43.7 ± 12.9; control: 45 ± 11.8 Case: WCH; control: normotension PSQI WCH 32 (43.2) 80.0
Liu et al (2016)14 China Cross‐sectional 9404 20–93; 52.11 ± 14.10 General PSQI JNC 7: SBP ≥140 mm Hg, DBP ≥90 mm Hg, or receiving treatment 4770 (50.7) 75.0
Lu (2015)11, b China Cross‐sectional 5461 Men <45: 39.76 ± 5.08: men >45: 51.43 ± 8.03; women <45: 40.53 ± 3.74; women >45: 49.91 ± 4.46 General without secondary hypertension, pregnancy hypertension, OSAS, or RLS PSQI JNC 7: SBP ≥140 mm Hg, DBP ≥90 mm Hg, or receiving treatment 4076 (74.6) 100
Mahmood et al (2013)17 Ireland Cross‐sectional 114 Good sleeper: 64.0 ± 11.32; poor sleeper: 66.0 ± 10.98 Type 2 diabetes mellitus PSQI None 62 (54.4) 62.5
Mesas et al (2014)31, b Spain Cross‐sectional 10342 No difficulty in falling asleep: 45.2 (0.3); difficulty in falling asleep: 51.1 (0.5) General Difficulties in falling asleep SBP ≥130 mm Hg or DBP ≥85 mm Hg or receiving treatment 5185 (50.1) 87.5
Narang et al (2012)34 Canada Cross‐sectional 3372 14.6 ± 0.5 General PSQI Prehypertension: >90th to <95th percentile; hypertension: ≥99th percentile 1650 (48.9) 87.5
Osonoi et al (2015)15 Japan Cross‐sectional 724 25–69; 57.8 ± 8.6 Type 2 diabetes mellitus PSQI None 456 (62.9) 87.5
Sekercioglu et al (2015)19 Canada Cross‐sectional 303 62.7 ± 14.5 Chronic kidney disease PSQI None 178 (58.7) 62.5
Senthil and Krishnadasa (2016)39 India Cross‐sectional 84 18–23; 19.69 ± 0.878 At least one known risk factor of hypertension PSQI JNC 7: prehypertension SBP 120–139 mm Hg; DBP 80–89 mm Hg 40 (47.6) 37.5
Sforza et al (2014)41, b France Cross‐sectional 500 72.0 ± 1.1 General without insomnia PSQI SBP > 140 mm Hg or DBP > 90 mm Hg, receiving treatment, or 24‐h monitoring revealing a diurnal mean SBP > 135 mm Hg or DBP  > 85 mm Hg; dippers: nocturnal SBP fell > 10% from daytime values 220 (44.0) 100
Sherwood et al (2011)38 United States Cross‐sectional 128 40–60; 45.7 ± 8.4 Untreated hypertension PSQI JNC 7: SBP 130–159 mm Hg and/or DBP 85–99 mmHg 76 (59.4) 87.5
Suh (2013)51 United States Cross‐sectional 30 25–60; 40.82 ± 6.69 General PSQI Nondippers were defined as those whose average nighttime SBP dropped <10% from the average daytime SBP 0 (0) 62.5
Tavasoli et al (2015)32 Iran Cross‐sectional 76 Age range of all participants: 5–15; good sleepers: 7.4 ± 2.7; poor sleepers: 7.7 ± 2.6 Urinary tract infection PSQI SBP or DBP ≥95 percentile for age, sex, and height. A <10% SBP drop during sleep was considered a nondipper state. 19 (25.0) 62.5
Ulmer et al (2013)33 United States Cross‐sectional 61 38.28 ± 12.08 PTSD (either with or without depression), women with depression only (no PTSD), and a comparison group of women without PTSD or depression PSQI Dippers were defined as those having a day vs night difference in BP ≥10% of daytime BP 0 (0) 75.0
Ulu et al (2013)36 Turkey Cross‐sectional 100 Dipper: 47.6 ± 14; nondipper: 55.2 ± 15 Normotension PSQI None 45 (45.0) 75.0
Yilmaz et al (2007)50 Turkey Cross‐sectional 73 19–64 dipper: 48.5 ± 12.8; nondipper: 47.5 ± 11.9 Stage I hypertension PSQI SBP 141–159 mm Hg and DBP 91–99 mmHg 45 (61.6) 50.0
Yue et al (2012)42, b China Cross‐sectional 660 93.5 ± 3.4 General without secondary hypertension PSQI JNC 7: SBP ≥140 mmHg, DBP ≥90 mmHg, or receiving treatment 216 (32.7) 100
Yuksel (2014)52 Turkey Cross‐sectional 113 41.0 ± 10.7 Normotension and healthy PSQI None 81 (71.7) 62.5

DBP, diastolic blood pressure; GSQS, Groningen Sleep Quality Scale; JNC 7, the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; PSQI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; RLS, restless legs syndrome; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error; WCH, white‐coat hypertension.

a

Measured by the Joanna Briggs Institute tool.

b

Adjusted covariates among studies that examined the associations between poor sleep quality and the risk of hypertension using regression analysis.

Bansil et al: sex, age, body mass index, race, poverty status, diabetes mellitus, and smoking; Bruno et al: age, sex, previous cardiovascular events, diabetes mellitus, obesity, depressive symptoms, trait anxiety, and psychiatric drug use; Kaya et al: age, body mass index, sex, and diabetes mellitus; Lu et al: age, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, exercise habit, status of smoking, status of drinking, and scores on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7‐Item Questionnaire and Patient Health Questionnaire 9; Mesas et al: sex, age, educational level, occupation‐based social class, smoking, alcohol intake, binge drinking, coffee intake, comorbidities, sleep duration, total energy intake and Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener score, physical activity, time watching TV, and antihypertensive or lipid‐lowering drug treatment; Sforza et al: sex, body mass index, glycemia, dyslipidemia, current smoking, Hypnotic Intake, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale; Yue et al: age, blood pressure (BP), body mass index, blood glucose level, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, tea consumption, and exercise.