Table 2. Percent distribution and preferred place of delivery by background characteristics: BDHS 2014, NDHS 2016, PDHS 2017–18.
| Variables Level | Bangladesh 2014 | Nepal 2016 | Pakistan 2017 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Place of Delivery | Place of Delivery | Place of Delivery | |||||||
| Facility (N/%) | Home (N/%) | P-Value | Facility (N/%) | Home (N/%) | P-Value | Facility (N/%) | Home (N/%) | P-Value | |
| χ2 test | χ2 test | χ2 test | |||||||
| Place of Residence | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Rural | 913(31.5%) | 1986(68.5%) | 805(48.7%) | 849(51.3%) | 2733(60.7%) | 1771(39.3%) | |||
| Urban | 793(57.5%) | 586(42.5%) | 1654(71.7%) | 654(28.3%) | 2977(80.8%) | 708(19.2%) | |||
| Age of the Mother | 0.929 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 15–24 | 933(39.7%) | 1417(60.1%) | 1111(67.8%) | 527(32.2%) | 1320(71.0%) | 539(29.0%) | |||
| 25–34 | 674(39.6%) | 1002(60.4%) | 1178(59.6%) | 799(40.4%) | 3167(71.6%) | 1254(28.4%) | |||
| 35–49 | 99(62.2%) | 153(37.8%) | 170(49.0%) | 177(51.0%) | 1223(64.1%) | 686(35.9%) | |||
| Mother’s BMI | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Underweight | 281(26.4%) | 785(73.6%) | 179(53.1%) | 158(46.9%) | 160(63.7%) | 91(36.3%) | |||
| Normal | 1007(23.5%) | 1533(35.8%) | 2041(61.5%) | 1277(38.5%) | 4557(68.8%) | 2064(31.2%) | |||
| Overweight/Obese | 418(62.2%) | 254(37.8%) | 239(77.9%) | 68(22.1%) | 993(75.4%) | 324(24.6%) | |||
| Mother’s Educational Level | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No education | 102(17.9%) | 467(82.1%) | 495(40.8%) | 719(59.2%) | 2279(55.2%) | 1852(44.8%) | |||
| Primary | 311(26.4%) | 865(73.6%) | 409(54.2%) | 345(45.8%) | 812(74.6%) | 276(25.4%) | |||
| Secondary | 912(44.8%) | 1125(55.2%) | 1015(73.4%) | 367(26.6%) | 1458(84.2%) | 273(15.8%) | |||
| Higher | 381(76.8%) | 115(23.2%) | 540(88.2%) | 72(11.8%) | 1161(93.7%) | 78(6.3%) | |||
| Mother’s Occupations | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.832 | ||||||
| Working | 330(33.2%) | 663(66.8%) | 1498(59.1%) | 1036(40.9%) | 757(69.4%) | 333(30.6%) | |||
| Not Working | 1376(41.9%) | 1909(58.1%) | 961(67.3%) | 467(32.7%) | 4953(69.8%) | 2146(30.2%) | |||
| Number of ANC Visits | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Nil | 92(10.1%) | 820(89.9%) | 47(19.4%) | 195(80.6%) | 338(26.6%) | 932(73.4%) | |||
| 1–3 | 767(38.7%) | 1217(61.3%) | 377(39.7%) | 572(60.3%) | 1812(62.4%) | 1091(37.6%) | |||
| ≥4 | 847(61.3%) | 535(38.7%) | 2035(73.4%) | 736(26.6%) | 3560(88.6%) | 456(11.4%) | |||
| Total Number of Ever Born Child | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 1–2 | 1375(45.7%) | 1635(54.3%) | 1928(72.3%) | 738(27.2%) | 2593(78.8%) | 697(21.2%) | |||
| 3–4 | 284(28.9%) | 699(71.1%) | 410(44.0%) | 522(56.0%) | 1862(69.9%) | 801(30.1%) | |||
| ≥5 | 47(16.5%) | 238(83.5%) | 121(33.2%) | 243(66.8%) | 1255(56.1%) | 981(43.9%) | |||
| Ever had a Terminated Pregnancy | 0.052 | 0.153 | 0.834 | ||||||
| Yes | 277(43.3%) | 362(56.7%) | 563(60.1%) | 374(39.9%) | 1723(69.9%) | 741(30.1%) | |||
| No | 1429(39.3%) | 2210(60.7%) | 1896(62.7%) | 1129(37.3%) | 3987(69.7%) | 1737(30.3%) | |||
| Decision-Making Power on Delivery Place | 0.003 | <0.0012 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Self | 203(41.1%) | 291(58.9%) | 550(64.9%) | 297(35.1%) | 501(78.2%) | 140(21.8%) | |||
| Both (Wife & Husband) | 869(41.8%) | 1209(58.2%) | 735(64.0%) | 413(36.0%) | 2192(74.9%) | 735(25.1%) | |||
| Husband Alone | 502(35.9%) | 897(64.1%) | 683(57.7%) | 500(42.3%) | 2212(63.4%) | 1275(36.6%) | |||
| Someone Else | 132(43.0%) | 175(57.0%) | 491(62.6%) | 293(37.4%) | 805(71.0%) | 329(29.0%) | |||
| Watching-TV | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 1310(56.0%) | 1200(44.0%) | 1792(72.8%) | 670(27.2%) | 3674(80.2%) | 906(19.8%) | |||
| No | 396(24.4%) | 1372(75.6%) | 667(44.5%) | 833(55.5%) | 2036(56.4%) | 1573(43.6%) | |||
| Husband’s Education | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No education | 196(20.1%) | 778(79.9%) | 201(39.6%) | 307(60.4%) | 1242(54.2%) | 1049(45.8%) | |||
| Primary | 399(30.8%) | 896(69.2%) | 411(49.2%) | 424(50.8%) | 746(67.5%) | 359(32.5%) | |||
| Secondary | 644(47.5%) | 712(52.5%) | 1240(66.5%) | 625(33.5%) | 2132(73.5%) | 767(26.5%) | |||
| Higher | 467(71.5%) | 186(28.5%) | 607(80.5%) | 146(19.5%) | 1590(83.9%) | 304(16.1%) | |||
| Husband’s Occupation | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Agricultural | 259(24.8%) | 784(75.2%) | 358(48.1%) | 386(51.9%) | 153(52.4%) | 111(47.6%) | |||
| Professional/Services | 720(56.2%) | 561(43.8%) | 1135(73.9%) | 400(26.1%) | 333(74.7%) | 68(25.3%) | |||
| Others | 727(37.2%) | 1227(62.8%) | 966(57.4%) | 717(42.6%) | 5224(88.7%) | 2300(11.3%) | |||
| Household Wealth Quantile | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Poor | 345(20.1%) | 1370(79.9%) | 933(49.3%) | 959(50.7%) | 1915(52.4%) | 1743(47.6%) | |||
| Middle | 298(36.2%) | 526(63.8%) | 453(68.5%) | 250(31.5%) | 1196(74.7%) | 406(25.3%) | |||
| Rich | 1063(61.1%) | 676(38.9%) | 983(77.0%) | 294(23.0%) | 2599(88.7%) | 330(11.3%) | |||
| Sources of Drinking Water | <0.001 | 0.011 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Improved Water | 1695(40.3%) | 2506(59.7%) | 2349(62.5%) | 1408(37.5%) | 5312(71.2%) | 2148(28.8%) | |||
| Non-improved Water | 11(14.3%) | 66(85.7%) | 110(53.7%) | 95(46.3%) | 398(54.6%) | 331(45.4%) | |||
| Household Toilet Facility | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Hygienic Toilet | 1473(46.9%) | 1668(53.1%) | 2221(66.0%) | 1143(34.0%) | 5135(73.1%) | 1893(26.9%) | |||
| Unhygienic Toilet | 233(20.5%) | 904(79.5%) | 238(39.8%) | 360(60.2%) | 575(49.5%) | 586(50.5%) | |||
Note: Except few all the independent variables are statistically significant with the dependent variables at P ⩽ 0.01, 0.01, P ⩽ 0.05, 0.05 P ⩽ 0.10 level. The insignificant variables are not adjusted in the final model.