Table 2.

Studies Showing the Beneficial Effects of a Healthy Lifestyle on the Incidence of CHD and CVD

Author	Patients, No.	Age, y	Follow‐Up, y	CHD, HR (95% CI)	CVD, HR (95% CI)
Knoops4	2339 M+W	70–90	10	0.27 (0.14–0.53)	0.33 (0.22–0.47)
Daviglus5	7302 W	18–39	31	0.13 (0.04–0.45)	0.20 (0.09–0.43)
Chiuve6	4287 M	40–75	16	0.13 (0.09–0.19)	–
Odegaard7	44,056 M+W	45–74	11	0.23 (0.14–0.37)	0.24 (0.17–0.34)
Eguchi8	43,010 M+W	40–79	17	M: 0.19 (0.07–0.70)	0.35 (0.25–0.49)
				W: 0.20 (0.09–0.47)	0.24 (0.16–0.36)
Carlsson10	4232 M+W	60	11	–	M: 0.39 (0.25–0.49)
					W: 0.44 (0.26–0.75)
Akesson11	24,444 W	59	6	0.22 (0.09–0.70)	–
Akesson14	20,721 M	45–79	11	0.14 (0.04–0.43)	–

Abbreviations: CHD, coronary heart disease; CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; M, men; W, women.