Table 1.
Baseline and procedural characteristics of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
| CABG | PCI | Total | |||||||||||
| 1998–2002 | 2003–2007 | 2008–2012 | 2013–2017 | p value(LT) | 1998– 2002 | 2003–2007 | 2008–2012 | 2013–2017 | p(TL) | CABG | PCI | p | |
| n (%)* | 27 141 (31) | 24 521 (16.7) | 21 584 (11.7) | 20 436 (11) | <0.001 | 60 440 (69) | 122 310 (83.3) | 162 846 (88.3) | 164 698 (89) | <0.001 | 93 682 (15.5) | 5 102 294 (84.5) | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 64.9±9.5 | 66±9.7 | 66.1±10 | 66.3±9.7 | <0.001 | 64±11 | 65.9±11.1 | 67±11.5 | 67.6±11.6 | <0.001 | 65.8±9.7 | 66.6±11.5 | <0.001 |
| Age (ranges) | <0.001† | <0.001† | |||||||||||
| ≤60 | 7634 (28.1) | 6498 (26.5) | 5797 (26.8) | 5360 (26.2) | <0.001 | 20 883 (34.6) | 36 802 (30.1) | 45 210 (27.8) | 44 779 (27.2) | <0.001 | 25 285 (27) | 147 674 (28.9) | <0.001 |
| 60–70 | 10 292 (37.9) | 8073 (32.9) | 7209 (33.4) | 7230 (35.4) | <0.001 | 19 442 (32.2) | 34 783 (28.4) | 451 752 (27.7) | 45 878 (27.9) | <0.001 | 32 805 (35) | 145 275 (28.5) | <0.001 |
| 70–80 | 8684 (32) | 9077 (37) | 7436 (34.4) | 6579 (32.2) | <0.001 | 17 406 (28.8) | 40 393 (33) | 51 357 (31.5) | 46 378 (28.8) | <0.001 | 31 776 (33.9) | 156 540 (30.7) | <0.001 |
| >80 | 531 (2) | 873 (3.6) | 1147 (5.3) | 1267 (6.2) | <0.001 | 2711 (4.5) | 10 338 (8.5) | 21 096 (13) | 26 647 (16.2) | <0.001 | 3818 (4.1) | 60 794 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| Female sex | 5379 (19.8) | 4768 (19.5) | 3776 (17.5) | 3353 (16.4) | <0.001 | 13 191 (21.8) | 29 700 (24.3) | 39 773 (24.4) | 39 387 (23.9) | <0.001 | 17 276 (18.4) | 122 046 (23.9) | <0.001 |
| High blood pressure | 12 264 (45.2) | 14 540 (59.3) | 14 166 (65.6) | 13 896 (68) | <0.001 | 26 005 (43) | 68 897 (56.3) | 100 802 (61.8) | 103 762 (63.1) | <0.001 | 54 866 (58.6) | 299 466 (58.7) | 0.05 |
| Previous MI‡ | 3471 (12.8) | 3944 (16.1) | 3328 (15.4) | 4132 (20.2) | <0.001 | 11 383 (18.8) | 29 608 (24.2) | 4669 (28.7) | 58 465 (35.5) | <0.001 | 14 875 (15.9) | 146 150 (28.6) | <0.001 |
| NSTEACS | 8189 (30.2) | 6085 (24.8) | 4538 (21) | 4236 (20.7) | <0.001 | 25 495 (42.2) | 44 821 (36.6) | 53 322 (32.7) | 54 260 (33) | <0.001 | 23 048 (24.6) | 177 898 (34.9) | <0.001 |
| CHF‡ | 1498 (5.5) | 1737 (7.1) | 2101 (9.7) | 2111 (10.3) | <0.001 | 2745 (4.5) | 9475 (7.8) | 17 662 (10.9) | 21 218 (12.9) | <0.001 | 7447 (8) | 51 100 (10) | <0.001 |
| PVD‡ | 1750 (6.5) | 2240 (9.1) | 2238 (10.4) | 2182 (10.7) | <0.001 | 4431 (7.3) | 10 380 (8.5) | 12 581 (7.7) | 12 754 (7.7) | <0.001 | 8410 (9) | 40 146 (7.7) | <0.001 |
| CVD‡ | 745 (2.7) | 1122 (4.6) | 1221 (5.7) | 1361 (6.7) | <0.001 | 897 (1.5) | 2566 (2.1) | 4410 (2.7) | 4911 (3) | <0.001 | 4449 (4.8) | 12 784 (2.5) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes‡ | 7493 (27.6) | 8799 (35.9) | 8509 (39.4) | 8804 (43.1) | <0.001 | 13 131 (21.7) | 37 880 (31) | 55 245 (33.9) | 57 511 (34.9) | <0.001 | 33 605 (35.9) | 163 767 (32.1) | <0.001 |
| CKD‡ | 423 (1.6) | 701 (2.9) | 1441 (6.7) | 1952 (9.6) | <0.001 | 1066 (1.8) | 3689 (3) | 12 165 (7.5) | 16 094 (9.8) | <0.001 | 4517 (4.8) | 33 014 (6.5) | <0.001 |
| COPD‡ | 959 (3.5) | 1396 (5.7) | 1322 (6.1) | 1518 (7.4) | <0.001 | 2241 (3.7) | 6276 (5.1) | 10 268 (6.3) | 12 677 (7.7) | <0.001 | 5195 (5.6) | 31 462 (6.2) | <0.001 |
| Liver failure‡ | 241 (0.9) | 331 (1.4) | 410 (1.9) | 560 (2.7) | <0.001 | 460 (0.8) | 1392 (1.1) | 2497 (1.5) | 3496 (2.2) | <0.001 | 1541 (1.6) | 8046 (1.6) | 0.11 |
| Charlson’s index | 2.7 (1.4) | 3.1 (1.5) | 3.3 (1.7) | 3.5 (1.8) | <0.001 | 2.6 (1.5) | 3 (1.7) | 3.4 (1.9) | 3.6 (2) | <0.001 | 3.1 (1.6) | 3.3 (1.9) | <0.001 |
| Previous CABG | 1101 (4.1) | 1085 (4.4) | 146 (0.7) | 146 (0.7) | <0.001 | 1727 (2.9) | 3374 (2.8) | 4359 (2.7) | 5417 (3.3) | <0.001 | 2475 (2.6) | 14 877 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| Previous PCI | 1573 (5.8) | 1990 (8.1) | 2704 (12.5) | 3204 (15.7) | <0.001 | 8163 (13.5) | 23 004 (18.8) | 40 898 (25.1) | 47 890 (29.1) | <0.001 | 9470 (10.1) | 119 955 (23.5) | <0.001 |
| Hospital without CABG on-site | 10 151 (17.4) | 36 425 (30.7) | 64 882 (40.9) | 65 260 (40.9) | <0.001 | 173 718 (35.7) | |||||||
| Revascularisation 3+ vessels | 11 326 (41.7) | 9206 (37.5) | 7947 (36.8) | 7357 (36) | <0.001 | – | – | 11 312 (7) | 11 792 (7.2) | <0.001 | 32 849 (40.5) | 23 106/327 528 (7.1) | <0.001 |
| Outpatient PCI | – | 1371 (1.1) | 7200 (4.4) | 6358 (3.9) | <0.001 | 14 933/449 843 (3.3) | |||||||
| BMS | 60 107 (99.5) | 91 516 (74.8) | 67 018 (41.2) | 34 090 (20.7) | <0.001 | 252 731 (49.5) | |||||||
| DES | 34 873 (28.5) | 89 198 (54.8) | 115 643 (70.2) | <0.001 | 239 714/449 843 (53.3) | ||||||||
| IVUS | 1037 (0.9) | 6104 (3.8) | 4517 (2.7) | <0.001 | 11 658/449 843 (2.6) | ||||||||
| ITA | 19 643 (72.3) | 21 635 (88.2) | 19 646 (90.9) | 19 928 (96.9) | <0.001 | – | – | – | – | – | 80 852 (86.1) | – | – |
| Bilateral ITA | 2168 (8) | 3218 (13.1) | 3454 (16) | 4816 (23.6) | <0.001 | – | – | – | – | – | 13 654 (14.6) | – | – |
| Off-pump CABG | 8496 (31.3) | 8708 (35.5) | 7178 (33.3) | 6984 (34.2) | <0.001 | – | – | – | – | – | 31 365 (33.5) | – | – |
| Hospital volume | <0.001† | <0.001† | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| Low | 3868 (15.1) | 3053 (12.6) | 2404 (11.2) | 2080 (10.2) | <0.001 | 3259 (5.6) | 6004 (5.1) | 7612 (4.8) | 8002 (5) | <0.001 | 11 405 (12.4) | 24 877 (5) | <0.001 |
| Low–intermediate | 5511 (21.5) | 4671 (19.3) | 4272 (19.9) | 3901 (19.1) | <0.001 | 8150 (14) | 17 226 (14.5) | 21 447 (13.5) | 23 155 (14.2) | <0.001 | 18 255 (20) | 69 988 (14.1) | <0.001 |
| Intermediate–high | 7149 (27.8) | 6984 (28.8) | 6446 (30) | 5693 (27.9) | <0.001 | 15 949 (27.4) | 33 545 (28.3) | 45 083 (28.5) | 47 527 (29.7) | <0.001 | 26 272 (28.6) | 142 104 (28.7) | 0.128 |
| High | 9156 (35.7) | 9524 (39.3) | 8377 (39) | 8708 (42.7) | <0.001 | 30 870 (53) | 61 902 (52.2) | 84 335 (53.2) | 80 730 (51) | <0.001 | 35 765 (40) | 257 837 (52.1) | <0.001 |
Data are expressed with n (%) or mean SD. P(LT) contrast test for linear trend.
*Number of CABG or PCI divided by the volume of revascularisations.
†No contrast for linear trend.
‡According to Charlson’s index definition.16 17
BMS, bare metal stent; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; DES, drug eluting stent; ITA, internal thoracic artery; IVUS, IntraVascular UltraSound; MI, myocardial infarction; NSTEACS, non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome; PVD, peripheral vascular disease.