Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of the Study Participants Categorized According to the Baseline Estimated GFR
| Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 a | P Value | Linea P Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥90 (n=370) | 89 to 60 (n=443) | 59 to 30 (n=100) | |||
| Age, y | 57.3±9.5 | 65.0±8.9 | 70.6±7.4 | <.001 | |
| Male sex, % | 50.3 | 59.4 | 72.0 | <.001 | |
| Hypertension, % | 95.1 | 94.3 | 100 | .204 | |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 17.0 | 27.7 | 37.6 | <.001 | |
| Dyslipidemia, % | 10.8 | 13.6 | 9.9 | .710 | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.2±2.9 | 24.5±2.8 | 24.3±2.8 | .393 | |
| Heart rate, beats per min | 66.7±10.6 | 67.3±12.4 | 69.8±14.6 | .061 | |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 125±17 | 125±18 | 124±21 | .921 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 76±11 | 75±11 | 72±11 | .008 | |
| Mean arterial pressure, mm Hg | 92±12 | 91±12 | 89±14 | .143 | |
| Coronary artery disease, % | 42.8 | 48.2 | 49.5 | .112 | |
| Cerebrovascular disease, % | 2.7 | 7.7 | 14.9 | <.001 | |
| Smoking, % | 27.9 | 31.8 | 40.6 | .018 | |
| Heart failure, % | 0.0 | 1.8 | 1.0 | .062 | |
| Pulse pressure, mm Hg | 49.3±10.1 | 50.1±12.1 | 52.7±15.3 | .041 | |
| cfPWV, cm/s | 899 (814, 1029) | 982 (858, 1130) | 1047 (940, 1229) | <.001 | |
| baPWV, cm/s | 1429 (1277, 1600) | 1495 (1325, 1700) | 1585 (1363, 1820) | <.001 | |
| Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 [Link] | 100.0±7.4 | 78.0±8.5 | 48.8±8.0 | <.001 | |
| Ejection fraction, % | 66.1±6.5 | 64.7±7.9 | 63.5±9.4 | .002 | |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.7±1.5 | 13.5±1.6 | 12.7±1.9 | <.001 | |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 4.7±1.3 | 5.3±1.5 | 6.4±1.7 | <.001 | |
| hs‐CRP, g/L | 0.48 (0.23, 1.08) | 0.66 (0.29, 1.76) | 0.97 (0.40, 2.54) | <.001 | |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 107.2±35.6 | 104.1±33.0 | 96.0±31.4 | .028 | |
| Medications | |||||
| ACE inhibitor or ARB, % | 53.4 | 59.5 | 63.8 | .005 | |
| Calcium channel blocker, % | 54.5 | 55.1 | 47.5 | .403 | |
| β‐Blocker, % | 39.6 | 41.2 | 52.5 | .051 | |
| Statins, % | 66.4 | 71.1 | 76.2 | .037 | |
| Aspirin, % | 65.3 | 74.9 | 80.2 | <.001 | |
| Insulin, % | 12.1 | 10.1 | 45.0 | .008 | |
| Biguanide, % | 21.2 | 15.9 | 25.0 | .873 | |
| Sulfonylurea, % | 81.8 | 81.2 | 65.0 | .202 | |
| TZD, % | 3.0 | 2.9 | 0.0 | .543 | |
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; baPWV, brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity; cfPWV, carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; TZD, thiazolidinedione. aEstimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease‐Epidemiology Collaboration equation.