Table 3.
Characteristics According to Albuminuria, GFR Categories, and CKD Based on the Four‐Variable MDRD Equation
| Variable | Albuminuria‐Based CKD | GFR‐Based CKD Stages | CKD | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | A2 to A3 | P Value | G1 and G2 | G3 to G5 | P Value | No | Yes | P Value | |
| Participants, No. (%) | 220 (65.5) | 116 (34.5) | 227 (67.5) | 109 (32.5) | 169 (50.3) | 167 (49.7) | |||
| Women, No. (%) | 151 (68.6) | 62 (53.4) | .009 | 142 (62.5) | 71 (65.1) | .717 | 111 (65.7) | 102 (61.1) | .428 |
| Mean age, y (SD) | 60.5 (11.4) | 61.7 (11.1) | .369 | 59.1 (11.4) | 64.6 (10.1) | <.001 | 58.6 (11.4) | 63.2 (10.7) | <.001 |
| Diabetes, No. (%) | 35 (15.9) | 27 (23.3) | .105 | 35 (15.4) | 27 (24.8) | .05 | 28 (16.6) | 34 (20.3) | .401 |
| Gout, No. (%) | 20 (9.1) | 16 (13.8) | .197 | 20 (8.8) | 16 (14.7) | .131 | 14 (8.3) | 22 (13.2) | .161 |
| Dyslipidemia, No. (%) | 40 (18.2) | 19 (16.4) | .764 | 44 (19.4) | 15 (13.8) | .224 | 34 (20.1) | 25 (15.0) | .252 |
| Smoking, No. (%) | 9 (4.1) | 4 (4.4) | >.999 | 10 (4.4) | 3 (2.7) | .559 | 8 (4.7) | 5 (3.0) | .573 |
| HIV, No. (%) | 9 (4.1) | 3 (2.6) | .193 | 10 (4.4) | 2 (1.8) | .297 | 8 (4.7) | 4 (2.4) | .171 |
| Self‐medication, No. (%) | 84 (38.2) | 42 (36.2) | .813 | 86 (37.9) | 40 (36.7) | .904 | 65 (38.4) | 61 (36.5) | .736 |
| Mean duration hypertension, y (SD) | 7.1 (8.0) | 5.8 (7.5) | .164 | 6.1 (7.9) | 7.8 (7.6) | .053 | 6.4 (7.9) | 6.9 (7.8) | .551 |
| Mean SBP, mm Hg (SD) | 152.0 (23.8) | 158.6 (28.4) | .025 | 152.4 (23.4) | 158.3 (29.5) | .047 | 151.9 (23.4) | 156.8 (27.6) | .080 |
| Mean DBP, mm Hg (SD) | 89.7 (13.8) | 91.8 (16.1) | .227 | 89.9 (14.4) | 91.5 (15.1) | .345 | 89.7 (14.0) | 91.7 (15.2) | .387 |
| Controlled hypertension, No. (%) | 48 (21.8) | 23 (19.8) | .779 | 50 (22.0) | 21 (19.3) | .669 | 36 (21.3) | 35 (20.9) | >.999 |
| Antihypertensive drugs ≥3, No. (%) | 40 (18.2) | 23 (19.8) | .749 | 40 (17.6) | 23 (21.1) | .557 | 30 (17.7) | 33 (19.8) | .965 |
| Mean BMI, kg/m2 (SD) | 29.6 (17.7) | 28.9 (5.9) | .696 | 30.2 (17.6) | 27.6 (4.8) | .131 | 30.2 (20.0) | 28.6 (5.6) | .310 |
| BMI ≥25 kg/m2, No. (%) | 146 (66.4) | 85 (73.3) | .217 | 157 (69.2) | 74 (67.9) | .803 | 112 (66.3) | 119 (71.2) | .348 |
| Mean fasting capillary glucose, g/L (SD) | 0.99 (0.4) | 1.04 (0.3) | .371 | 0.99 (0.3) | 1.04 (0.4) | .254 | 1.00 (0.4) | 1.02 (0.4) | .578 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation.