Table 3.
Bivariate Associations of Inconsistent Reports of Hypertension for Five Countries, SAGE 2008/2009
| China | India | Russia | South Africa | Ghana | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B | |
| Education | ||||||||||
| No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary education | 0.992 | 0.954 | 0.706 | 0.806 | 2.58a | 1.93 | 0.969 | 1.77b | 0.754a | 0.784 |
| (0.074) | (0.140) | (0.126) | (0.171) | (1.06) | (0.808) | (0.110) | (0.358) | (0.100) | (0.207) | |
| Secondary education | 0.835b | 1.73c | 0.500c | 0.929 | 2.81b | 2.35a | 1.38b | 2.34c | 0.529c | 0.797 |
| (0.051) | (0.180) | (0.071) | (0.152) | (1.07) | (0.896) | (0.169) | (0.491) | (0.066) | (0.193) | |
| Higher education | 0.560c | 2.08c | 0.341c | 0.776 | 3.30b | 3.39b | 1.27 | 2.61b | 0.377c | 2.11a |
| (0.071) | (0.361) | (0.074) | (0.189) | (1.30) | (1.34) | (0.286) | (0.892) | (0.097) | (0.717) | |
| Income quintile | ||||||||||
| Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Poorer | 1.00 | 1.12 | 0.572a | 0.607 | 0.814 | 0.918 | 0.849 | 1.67 | 0.679 | 0.400 |
| (0.090) | (0.191) | (0.143) | (0.182) | (0.129) | (0.156) | (0.143) | (0.601) | (0.158) | (0.203) | |
| Middle | 0.745c | 1.41a | 0.430c | 0.707 | 0.885 | 1.02 | 0.525c | 1.81 | 0.523b | 0.398a |
| (0.064) | (0.218) | (0.101) | (0.195) | (0.142) | (0.173) | (0.085) | (0.616) | (0.115) | (0.186) | |
| Richer | 0.663c | 1.23 | 0.312c | 0.681 | 1.41a | 1.24 | 0.537c | 2.66b | 0.287c | 0.656 |
| (0.057) | (0.189) | (0.070) | (0.178) | (0.219) | (0.210) | (0.086) | (0.874) | (0.060) | (0.257) | |
| Richest | 0.558c | 1.17 | 0.195c | 0.624 | 1.04 | 1.50a | 0.637b | 3.39c | 0.209c | 1.25 |
| (0.048) | (0.179) | (0.043) | (0.159) | (0.168) | (0.247) | (0.105) | (1.12) | (0.043) | (0.457) | |
| Main occupation | ||||||||||
| Public | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Private | 1.47c | 0.887 | 2.11c | 1.37 | 2.58c | 1.65b | 0.964 | 0.730 | 0.525c | 1.50 |
| (0.136) | (0.125) | (0.465) | (0.343) | (0.440) | (0.319) | (0.130) | (0.162) | (0.079) | (0.383) | |
| Self‐employment | 2.34c | 0.385c | 2.46c | 1.35 | 1.91 | 1.95 | 1.09 | 1.12 | 0.961 | 1.05 |
| (0.137) | (0.045) | (0.424) | (0.265) | (0.672) | (0.703) | (0.319) | (0.500) | (0.239) | (0.503) | |
| Informal | 1.67b | 0.731 | 2.87c | 1.27 | 1.59 | 1.36 | 0.963 | 0.593a | 1.93b | 1.16 |
| (0.274) | (0.210) | (0.526) | (0.269) | (0.661) | (0.614) | (0.145) | (0.152) | (0.478) | (0.561) | |
| Age | 0.968c | 1.001 | 0.974c | 0.982c | 0.960c | 0.977c | 0.982c | 1.01 | 0.984c | 0.999 |
| (0.002) | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.006) | (0.003) | (0.006) | |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 0.753c | 0.862 | 1.18 | 1.52b | 0.411c | 1.03 | 0.587c | 0.946 | 0.519c | 1.01 |
| (0.039) | (0.075) | (0.144) | (0.215) | (0.040) | (0.117) | (0.055) | (0.153) | (0.055) | (0.206) | |
| Place of residence | ||||||||||
| Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Rural | 2.36c | 0.304c | 1.71c | 0.975 | 1.30a | 1.13 | 1.49c | 0.507b | 0.373c | 1.75a |
| (0.129) | (0.035) | (0.223) | (0.145) | (0.150) | (0.142) | (0.161) | (0.113) | (0.041) | (0.397) | |
| Stroke | ||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.19c | 1.09 | 0.205c | 0.676 | 0.290c | 0.898 | 0.386c | 1.56 | 0.224c | 1.02 |
| (0.028) | (0.174) | (0.060) | (0.196) | (0.075) | (0.160) | (0.091) | (0.464) | (0.051) | (0.351) | |
| Diabetes | ||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.313c | 1.05 | 0.212c | 0.957 | 0.422c | 0.650a | 0.189c | 1.17 | 0.213c | 1.35 |
| (0.032) | (0.141) | (0.041) | (0.178) | (0.081) | (0.113) | (0.032) | (0.237) | (0.042) | (0.380) | |
For each country, the reference category is “those whose self‐report data matched clinical data that they are hypertensive.” A is for “those who had BP but indicated they did not have blood pressure.” B is for “those who indicated that they had blood pressure but did not have blood pressure.” a P<.05. b P<.01. c P<.001.