Table 4.
Multivariate Results of Inconsistent Reports of Hypertension for Five Countries, SAGE 2008/2009
| China | India | Russia | South Africa | Ghana | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B | |
| Education | ||||||||||
| No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary education | 0.994 | 0.772 | 0.747 | 0.831 | 2.50a | 2.06 | 1.17 | 1.54a | 0.641aa | 0.671 |
| (0.080) | (0.117) | (0.146) | (0.190) | (1.076) | (0.867) | (0.147) | (0.327) | (0.096) | (0.200) | |
| Secondary education | 1.01 | 1.12 | 0.591b | 0.980 | 1.58 | 2.00 | 1.74c | 1.87b | 0.476c | 0.573 |
| (0.080) | (0.148) | (0.109) | (0.207) | (0.643) | (0.773) | (0.259) | (0.440) | (0.077) | (0.171) | |
| Higher education | 0.959 | 1.25 | 0.583 | 0.847 | 1.76 | 2.73a | 1.46 | 1.86 | 0.553a | 1.11 |
| (0.141) | (0.246) | (0.164) | (0.267) | (0.748) | (1.10) | (0.366) | (0.695) | (0.166) | (0.476) | |
| Income quintile | ||||||||||
| Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Poorer | 0.969 | 0.985 | 0.623 | 0.623 | 0.771 | 0.883 | 0.887 | 1.56 | 0.735 | 0.406 |
| (0.091) | (0.170) | (0.156) | (0.187) | (0.126) | (0.151) | (0.153) | (0.568) | (0.176) | (0.208) | |
| Middle | 0.797a | 1.02 | 0.488b | 0.689 | 0.806 | 0.959 | 0.577b | 1.50 | 0.607a | 0.399 |
| (0.073) | (0.165) | (0.117) | (0.193) | (0.133) | (0.164) | (0.097) | (0.522) | (0.139) | (0.188) | |
| Richer | 0.705c | 0.833 | 0.410c | 0.699 | 0.992 | 1.04 | 0.578b | 2.02a | 0.368c | 0.653 |
| (0.066) | (0.139) | (0.098) | (0.191) | (0.165) | (0.180) | (0.100) | (0.682) | (0.081) | (0.269) | |
| Richest | 0.628c | 0.694a | 0.319c | 0.681 | 0.696a | 1.20 | 0.595b | 2.16a | 0.322c | 1.15 |
| (0.061) | (0.118) | (0.080) | (0.194) | (0.121) | (0.209) | (0.114) | (0.762) | (0.074) | (0.452) | |
| Main occupation | ||||||||||
| Public | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Private | 0.971 | 1.14 | 1.34 | 1.14 | 1.73b | 1.42 | 0.865 | 0.885 | 0.783 | 1.15 |
| (0.099) | (0.167) | (0.324) | (0.306) | (0.308) | (0.280) | (0.126) | (0.202) | (0.140) | (0.336) | |
| Self‐employment | 1.30b | 0.988 | 1.48 | 1.24 | 1.18 | 1.55 | 0.988 | 1.15 | 1.13 | 0.898 |
| (0.128) | (0.181) | (0.296) | (0.279) | (0.439) | (0.568) | (0.296) | (0.522) | (0.294) | (0.450) | |
| Informal | 1.14 | 0.972 | 1.37 | 1.02 | 1.33 | 1.47 | 0.897 | 0.822 | 1.52 | 1.21 |
| (0.197) | (0.289) | (0.301) | (0.255) | (0.582) | (0.671) | (0.147) | (0.221) | (0.380) | (0.590) | |
| Age | 0.970c | 0.996 | 0.973c | 0.983c | 0.964c | 0.984b | 0.989b | 1.01 | 0.973c | 0.996 |
| (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.004) | (0.007) | |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 0.729c | 0.848 | 0.627b | 1.30 | 0.434c | 1.13 | 0.611c | 1.03 | 0.425c | 1.00 |
| (0.041) | (0.077) | (0.091) | (0.214) | (0.044) | (0.134) | (0.060) | (0.170) | (0.051) | (0.228) | |
| Place of residence | ||||||||||
| Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Rural | 1.47c | 0.297c | 0.976 | 0.895 | 1.08 | 1.12 | 1.36b | 0.663 | 0.611c | 1.43 |
| (0.136) | (0.054) | (0.150) | (0.155) | (0.133) | (0.144) | (0.162) | (0.156) | (0.077) | (0.341) | |
| Stroke | ||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.237c | 0.958 | 0.233c | 0.797 | 0.341c | 1.03 | 0.431c | 1.44 | 0.299c | 1.05 |
| (0.037) | (0.158) | (0.071) | (0.236) | (0.089) | (0.190) | (0.108) | (0.421) | (0.070) | (0.374) | |
| Diabetes | ||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.440c | 0.869 | 0.309c | 1.14 | 0.519c | 0.662a | 0.212c | 0.919 | 0.348c | 1.19 |
| (0.047) | (0.120) | (0.063) | (0.228) | (0.101) | (0.117) | (0.037) | (0.914) | (0.076) | (0.346) | |
For each country, the reference category is “those whose self‐report data matched clinical data that they are hypertensive.” A is for “those who had blood pressure but indicated they did not have blood pressure.” B is for “those who indicated that they had blood pressure but did not have blood pressure.” a P<.05. b P<.01. c P<.001.