Table 1.
Characteristics of selected studies showing syndemics at play.
| Authors | Study type | Publication year | Total no. of Patients | Comorbidities | Severe events | Definition of serious events |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen et al. [32] | Retrospective | 2020 | 274 | Chronic hypertension and other cardiovascular comorbidities | 113 | Death |
| Cheng et al. [33] | Prospective cohort study | 2020 | 701 | Chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, diabetes, and tumour | 294.4 | Severely ill and death |
| Atkins et al. [34] | Cohort | 2020 | 269,070 | Hypertension, history of fall or fragility fractures, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and asthma | 507 | Critically ill and death |
| Barron et al. [41] | Whole population study | 2020 | 61,414,470 | Diabetes 1, diabetes 2 and other types of diabetes | 7,869 | Death |
| Onder et al. [43] | – | 2020 | 355 | Heart disease, diabetes, cancer, atrial fibrillation dementia, history of stroke | 355 | Death |
| Nasir et al. [46] | Observational study | 2020 | 147 | COVID‐19‐associated pulmonary aspergillosis, diabetes, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | 23 | ICU and death |
| Asghar et al. [47] | Single-center retrospective | 2020 | 100 | Diabetes, hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, CKD, and chronic liver disease | 33 | ICU and death |
| Zeb et al. [48] | Retrospective | 2020 | 25 | Hypertension, diabetes, CKD, ischaemic heart disease (IHD), chronic liver disease CLD and COPD | 25 | Death |
| Nandy et al. [39] | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 2020 | 3,994 | Hypertension (HTN), Diabetes mellitus (DM), Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), COPD and (CKD). | 526 | ICU admission, novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP), mechanical ventilation, ARDS, and death |
| Emami et al. [7] | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 2020 | 76,993 | Hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, smoking, COPD, malignancy, and CKD | 3,403 | Hospitalized patients |
| Yin et al. [37] | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 2021 | 12,000 | COPD, cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, and CKD | – | – |
| Singh et al. [35] | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 2020 | 14 558 | Hypertension, diabetes, CVD, COPD, CKD and cancer | – | Critical infection and death |
| Dorjee et al. [36] | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 2020 | 38,906 | Heart disease, COPD, CKD, CLD, hypertension, smoking history, diabetes | 1,867.4 | Severe disease and death |
| Guan et al. [8] | A nationwide analysis | 2020 | 1,590 | Hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes, hepatitis B infections, COPD, CKD, malignancy and immunodeficiency. | 254.4 | Severe disease |
| Richardson et al. [9] | – | 2020 | 5,700 | Hypertension, obesity, and diabetes | 553 | Hospitalization, and Mortality |