Table 1.

Summary of conditions applied and relevant findings from key clinical studies examining the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) administration in treating various symptoms of COVID-19.

Study	Number of patients	Severity	Patient treatment	Intravenous Immunoglobulin dosage	Considerations	Outcome
Xie et al, [25]	58	Severe/Critical	Oxygen Therapy, Abidor antiviral treatment, Moxifloxacin, Heparin	20 g/day administered either < 48 h or > 48 h following patient admission	>48 h group required higher dosage of IVIG	IVIG treatment within 48 h resulted in lower morbidity compared to treatment > 48 h after admission. Length of treatment and ICU stay was shorter if treated < 48 h after admission Proportion of patients requiring mechanical ventilation was lower when treated within 48 h of admission
Mohtadi et al., [26]	5	Severe	Combinations of: Hydroxychloroquine, Kaletra, Oseltamivir, Vancomycin, Levofloxacin, Tavanx, Azithromycin, Ceftriaxone, Meropenem, Imipenem	25–30 g/day for 5 days 9–14 days after admission	All patients had been intubated	Clinical and respiratory conditions improved Saturated oxygen levels increased resulting in quicker extubating of patients. Obvious improvements in pulmonary Lesions on CT scans. All patients discharged with good general condition and stabilized vital signs.
Cao et al., [27]	3	Severe	Combinations of: Supportive care and empirical Moxifloxacin, Methylprednisolone, Lopinavir/ritonavir	25 g/day for 5 days 1–7 days after admission	All patients exhibited decreased oxygen saturation	Saturated oxygen levels increased resulting in quicker extubating of patients. All patients discharged with good general condition and stabilized vital signs.
Shao et al., [28]	325	Severe/Critical	N/A	<15 g or > 15 g per day <7 days or > 7 days	IVIG-treated patients had higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores, higher plasma levels of IL-6 and lactate, and lower lymphocyte count and oxygenation index	IVIG significantly reduced the 28-day mortality, the inflammatory response, and improved some organ functions, but only in critical patients >15 g/day IVIG reduced 28-day and 60-day mortality and increased survival time, particularly in critical patients Early administration of IVIG (≤7d) reduced 60-day mortality, total in-hospital stay, and total course of disease, Early administration of IVIG (≤7d) significantly increased survival time and improved inflammatory response and some organ functions. 28-day and 60-day mortality were not improved with IVIG in severe patients in-hospital stay and the total duration of disease were longer in IVIG group in severe patients
Aljaberi and Wishah, [29]	1	Severe/Critical	Ceftriaxone, Doxycycline, Hydroxychloroquine 2 L/minute oxygen by nasal cannula	40 g every 2 weeks	Leukopenia (lymphopenia), normal coagulation profile, electrolytes, and liver 17 function. Flu/RSV panels were negative intubation and mechanical ventilation by day 7	Extubated on Day 13 and discharged on Day 14
Lanza et al., [30]	1	Severe/Critical	Hydroxychloroquine Azithromycin	450 mL (5 mL/kg) at 36 mL/h × 3 days with premedication with antihistamine and rehydration, followed by a decrease in infusion to 28 mL/h and subsequently extended total administration to 4 days	Deteriorating respiration and bloodwork	Improvement in clinical and pulmonary function CT scan showed a massive reduction in parenchymal consolidations, Patient discharged with good general condition and stabilized vital signs.