Table 2.
Normal ranges and severity cutoff of TTE parameters [21]
| TTE parameter | Male | Female | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | Slightly changed | Moderately changed | Severely changed | Normal | Slightly changed | Moderately changed | Severely changed | |
| LVIDd, mm | 42–58 | 59–63 | 64–68 | > 68 | 38–52 | 53–56 | 57–61 | > 61 |
| IVSd, mm | 6–10 | 11–13 | 14–16 | > 16 | 6–9 | 10–12 | 13–15 | > 15 |
| LVPWd, mm | 6–10 | 11–13 | 14–16 | > 16 | 6–9 | 11–12 | 13–15 | > 15 |
| EF, % | 52–72 | 41–51 | 30–40 | < 30 | 54–74 | 41–53 | 30–40 | < 30 |
| FS, % | 25–43 | 20–24 | 15–19 | < 15 | 27–45 | 22–26 | 30–41 | < 30 |
| TAPSE, mm | 24 ± 3.5 | Abnormality threshold < 17 | 24 ± 3.5 | Abnormality threshold < 17 | ||||
Interpretation of TTE parameters in pediatric patients was based on the cardiac structure dimensions normalized to the body surface area [22]; only one extreme obese pediatric CP patient was observed to present with abnormally increased LVPW thickness
EF, ejection fraction; FS, fractional shortening; IVSd, interventricular septal thickness in diastole; LVIDd, left ventricular internal diameter in diastole; LVPWd, left ventricular posterior wall thickness in diastole; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography