Table 1.
Description of included studies.
| First author, year | Species | No. of animals (intervention/control group) | Age (weight) | Model method (time) | Duration | Intervention | The main outcomes | Intergroup difference | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Choi K.M. (2014)29 | Male C57BL/6N mice | 10/10 | 4 weeks | High-fat diet (6 weeks) | 6 weeks |
1 g/kg diet SFN, oral administration |
1. BW 2. TC (serum) 3. TG (serum) 4. HDL-C 5. LDL-C 6. TC (liver) 7. TG (liver) |
1. P < 0.01 2. P < 0.05 3. P > 0.05 4. P > 0.05 5. P > 0.05 6. P > 0.05 7. P > 0.05 |
BW and serum TC, decreased significantly, but serum TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, liver TC, and TG did not change in SFN group |
| 2. Lei P (2019)52 | Male Wistar rats | 6/6 | 4–6 weeks (160–200 g) | High-fat diet (10 weeks) | 10 weeks | 20 mg/kg, 3 days a week SFN, oral gavage |
1. LW 2. TC (serum) 3. TG (serum) 4. HDL-C 5. LDL-C 6. TC (liver) 7. TG (liver) 8. LDs (liver) 9. FFA (liver) |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P > 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P > 0.05 7. P < 0.05 8. P < 0.01 9. P < 0.01 |
LW, serum TC, TG, LDL-C, liver TG and LDs decreased significantly, but serum HDL-C, and liver TC did not change in SFN group |
| 3. Shawky N.M. (2019)31 | Male Sprague Dawley rats | 8/10 | 8 weeks (150–200 g) | High-fructose diet (9 weeks) | 6 weeks | 0.5 mg/kg/day SFN, oral gavage |
1. BW 2. AUCOGTT 3. AUCITT 4. HOMA-IR 5. TC (serum) 6. TG (serum) 7. HDL-C 8. LDL-C |
1. P > 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P > 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P > 0.05 6. P > 0.05 7. P < 0.05 8. P < 0.05 |
AUCOGTT, HOMA-IR, serum HDL-C and LDL-C ameliorated significantly, but BW, AUCITT, serum TC and TG did not change in SFN group |
| 4. Shawky N.M. (2016)32 | Male C57BL/6J mice | 11/11 | 8 weeks | High-fat high-sucrose diet (8 weeks) | 3 weeks | 0.5 mg/kg/day SFN, subcutaneous injection |
1. BW 2. HOMA-IR 3. AUCIPGTT 4. TC (plasma) 5. TG (plasma) 6. HDL-C (plasma) 7. LDL-C (plasma) 8. FFA (plasma) 9. Non-HDL-C (plasma) |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P > 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P < 0.05 7. P > 0.05 8. P < 0.05 9. P < 0.05 |
BW, HOMA-IR, AUCIPGTT, plasma TG, HDL-C, FFA and non-HDL-C ameliorated significantly, but plasma TC, LDL-C did not change in SFN group |
| 5. Souza C.G. (2016)33 | Male Wistar rats | 8/7 | 8 weeks | Injection of STZ | 3 weeks | 0.5 mg/kg/day SFN, intraperitoneal injection |
1. LW 2. TC (serum) 3. HDL-C (serum) 4. Non-HDL-C 5. TG (serum) 6. ALT 7. AST 8. AUCIPIRT |
1. P > 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P > 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P > 0.05 7. P > 0.05 8. P < 0.05 |
Serum TC, non-HDL-C, TG, AUCIPIRT decreased significantly, but LW, HDL-C, ALT, and AST did not change in SFN group |
| 6. Souza C.G. (2013)34 | Male Wistar rats | 7/7 | 8 weeks | Highly palatable diet (24 weeks) (enriched sucrose diet) | 16 weeks | 1 mg/kg/day SFN, oral gavage |
1. BW 2. LW 3. TC (serum) 4. HDL-C 5. TAG (serum) 6. TAG (liver) 7. TC (liver) 8. ALT 9. AST 10.AUCIPGTT |
1. P > 0.05 2. P > 0.05 3. P > 0.05 4. P > 0.05 5. P > 0.05 6. P > 0.05 7. P > 0.05 8. P > 0.05 9. P > 0.05 10.P > 0.05 |
Lipid parameters did not change significantly in SFN group |
| 7. Sun Y. (2020)35 | Male C57BL/6J mice | 5/5 | 8 weeks | High-fat diet (12 weeks, 24 weeks), injection of STZ | 12 weeks | 0.5 mg/kg, 5 days a week SFN, intraperitoneal injection |
1. BW 2. LDs (cardiac) |
1. P > 0.05, P < 0.05 2. P > 0.05, P < 0.05 |
BW and cardiac LDs did not change significantly in SFN group treated by HFD for 12 weeks, but both of them decreased significantly in SFN group treated by HFD for 24 weeks |
| 8. Tian S. (2017)36 | Male Wistar rats | 10/10 | 4–6 weeks (160–200 g) | High-fat diet (10 weeks) | 10 weeks | 5, 10, 20 mg/kg, 3 days a week SFN, oral gavage |
1. TC (plasma) 2. TG (plasma) 3. TC (liver) 4. TG (liver) |
1. P < 0.05, P < 0.05, P < 0.0001 2. P < 0.0001, P < 0.05, P < 0.0001 3. P > 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.0001 4. P > 0.05, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001 |
Plasma TC, TG decreased significantly, but liver TC, TG did not change significantly in low-doses-SFN group; All of plasma TC, TG, liver TC and TG decreased significantly in middle-doses-SFN and high-doses-SFN group |
| 9. Yang G. (2016)37 | Male C57BL/6 mice | 8/8 | 5 weeks | High-fat diet (9 weeks) | 9 weeks | 30 mg/kg/day SFN, oral gavage |
1. LW 2. TC (liver) 3. TG (liver) 4. FFA (liver) 5. ALT 6. AST 7. HOMA-IR |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P < 0.05 7. P < 0.05 |
Lipid parameters change significantly in SFN group |
| 10. Zhang Z. (2014)38 | Male C57BL/6J mice | 6/6 | 8–10 weeks | High-fat diet (12 weeks), injection of STZ | 16 weeks | 0.5 mg/kg, 5 days a week SFN, subcutaneous injection |
1. TC (plasma) 2. TG (plasma) 3. AUCIPGTT 4. LDs (cardiac) |
1. P > 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P > 0.05 4. P < 0.05 |
Plasma TG and cardiac LDs decreased significantly, but plasma TC and AUCIPGTT did not change significantly in SFN group |
ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, AUC area under the curve, FFA free fatty acids, GTT glucose tolerance test, HOMA-IR an index of insulin resistance, IP intraperitoneally, IRT the insulin responsiveness test, LDs lipid droplets, O oral.