. 2021 Apr 8;11:7742. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86990-w

Table 1.

Effects of thymol and thymol nanoemulsion on growth performance of Ross broilers (d 1 to 42) and challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium at d 23 of age.

Groups	Starter (1 to 10 d old)			Grower (11 to 22 d old)			Finisher (23 to 42 d old)			Allover (1 to 42 d old)
Groups	FI, (g/bird)	BWG, (g/bird)	FCR	FI (g/bird)	BWG (g/bird)	FCR	FI, (g/bird)	BWG, (g/bird)	FCR	FI, (g/bird)	BWG, (g/bird)	FCR
NC	351^ab	288^ab	1.22^ab	1495^bc	885^d	1.69^a	2381^a	1323^a	1.80^e	4229^b	2496^ab	1.69^d
PC	351^ab	287^ab	1.22^ab	1503^b	892^cd	1.68^a	1995^d	900^g	2.22^a	3848^f	2079^g	1.85^a
Thymol, %
0.25	351^ab	280^b	1.25^b	1498^bc	896^cd	1.67^a	1989^d	929^f	2.14^b	3837^f	2106^f	1.82^b
0.5	352^ab	288^ab	1.22^ab	1467^c	898^cd	1.63^b	1964^d	1008^e	1.95^c	3783^g	2195^e	1.72^d
1	354^a	286^ab	1.24^ab	1529^ab	938^b	1.63^b	2092^c	1092^c	1.92^d	3974^d	2315^c	1.72^d
Thymol nanoemulsion, %
0.25	351^ab	291^a	1.21^a	1505^b	912^c	1.65^b	2088^c	1062^d	1.96^c	3944^e	2266^d	1.74^c
0.5	352^ab	283^ab	1.24^ab	1552^a	960^a	1.62^bc	2130^b	1155^b	1.85^e	4035^c	2398^b	1.68^d
1	348^b	283^ab	1.23^ab	1529^ab	959^a	1.60^c	2380^a	1338^a	1.78^ef	4256^a	2580^a	1.65^e
P-value	0.05	0.01	0.02	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
SEM	3.11	1.20	< 0.001	23.14	60.86	< 0.001	22.77	66.78	< 0.001	27.80	6.89	< 0.001

NC (negative control): birds fed basal diet; PC (positive control): birds fed basal diet and challenged with S. Typhimurium at d 23 of age; thymol 0.25, 0.5 and 1%: birds fed basal diet supplemented with 0.25, 0.5 and 1% thymol; thymol nanoemulsion 0.25, 0.5 and 1%: birds fed basal diet supplemented with 0.25, 0.5 and 1% thymol nanoemulsion. All groups except NC group were challenged with S. Typhimurium at d 23 of age. FI: feed intake; BWG: body weight gain; FCR: feed conversion ratio. ^a-gMean values with different letters in the same column differ significantly at p < 0.05.