Table 3b.
Mean Percentages (Standard Deviations) of Child Language Use
| Child language measure |
Culture | F value | Child Gender |
F value |
Interaction F value |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| American n = 21 |
Thai n = 21 |
Boys n = 21 |
Girls n = 21 |
||||
| Label | 1.88 (2.27) |
3.36 (3.29) |
2.69 | 2.19 (3.06) |
2.95 (2.83) |
0.82 | 0.62 |
| Description | 0.71 (0.98) |
0.99 (1.31) |
0.54 | 0.77 (1.07) |
0.94 (1.25) |
0.18 | 0.46 |
| Open-ended question | 2.36 (2.78) |
3.46 (3.35) |
1.34 | 2.89 (3.56) |
2.93 (2.62) |
0 | 1.58 |
| Closed-ended question | 1.02 (1.34) |
0.90 (1.17) |
0.07 | 1.08 (1.40) |
0.83 (1.09) |
0.38 | 0.18 |
| Reframe | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.14 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.32 | 0.32 |
| Affirmation | 0.88 (0.93) |
0.42 (0.71) |
3.47 | 0.51 (0.81) |
0.79 (0.89) |
1.44 | 0.95 |
| Repetition | 0.47 (0.57) |
1.54 (1.97) |
5.36* | 0.95 (1.06) |
1.57 (1.53) |
0.01 | 0.04 |
| Request for repetition | 0.04 (0.12) |
0 (0) | 2.01 | 0.04 (0.12) |
0 (0) | 2.01 | 2.01 |
| Expansion | 0 (0) | 0.01 (0.05) |
0.90 | 0 (0) | 0.01 (0.05) |
0.90 | 0.90 |
| Extension | 0.004 (0.02) |
0.01 (0.05) |
0.31 | 0.004 (0.02) |
0.01 (0.05) |
0.31 | 1.50 |
| Recast | 0.01 (0.06) |
0 (0) | 1.11 | 0 (0) | 0.01 (0.06) |
1.11 | 1.11 |
| Direct action request | 0.70 (0.66) |
0.11 (0.25) |
14.41*** | 0.38 (0.48) |
0.44 (0.67) |
0.30 | 0.30 |
| Indirect action request | 0.11 (0.22) | 0.47 (1.13) | 2.19 | 0.38 (1.11) | 0.20 (0.36) | 0.65 | 3.19† |
| Attention directive | 0.27 (0.42) |
1.15 (2.09) |
4.46* | 1.09 (2.11) |
0.33 (0.48) |
3.31† | 4.16* |
| Positive feedback | 0.01 (0.06) |
0.39 (0.51) |
5.94* | 0.15 (0.48) |
0.25 (0.56) |
0.24 | 0.10 |
| Negative feedback | 0.34 (0.58) |
0.22 (0.41) |
0.50 | 0.31 (0.48) |
0.24 (0.50) |
0.17 | 0.26 |
| Total utterances | 63.08 (29.60) |
38.44 (26.30) | 7.94** | 49.71 (30.96) |
51.81 (30.43) |
0.14 | 0.51 |
| Total words | 221.48 (119.79) |
119.79 (86.54) |
7.03* | 162.77 (132.20) |
178.50 (134.43) |
0.28 | 0.23 |
Note.
†
p < .10
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001.