Table 3.
Hallucination content and phenomenology.
| Auditory hallucinations (% of total) | Total sample | Fragmented sleepers | Delayed onset sleepers | Perceived poor sleepers | Good sleepers | H/X2 | p | Post-hoc analyses* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 3028 (29.4%) | N = 1143 (39.7%) | N = 940 (29.2%) | N = 301 (24.0%) | N = 644 (21.9%) | ||||
| Verbal | 62.4% | 66.1% | 62.3% | 55.2% | 59.0% | 16.7 | < 0.001 | b,c,d |
| Single word | 33.6% | 32.4% | 37.3% | 33.9% | 30.1% | 10.2 | 0.017 | a,e |
| Several words | 17.4% | 20.7% | 15.3% | 15.6% | 15.5% | 13.5 | 0.004 | a,c |
| Short sentence | 13.8% | 17.7% | 12.1% | 12.3% | 10.3% | 24.0 | < 0.001 | a,b,c |
| Complete sentence | 5.8% | 7.8% | 4.4% | 3.7% | 5.1% | 15.0 | 0.001 | a,b,c |
| Story | 6.0% | 7.5% | 5.2% | 5.0% | 4.8% | 7.9 | 0.048 | a,c |
| Music | 49.4% | 54.2% | 48.6% | 42.9% | 45.0% | 21.0 | < 0.001 | a,b,c |
| Telephone | 15.2% | 12.4% | 16.7% | 19.3% | 16.2% | 12.8 | 0.005 | a,b,c |
| Duration (QPE) median (IQR) | 1 (1) | 1 (2) | 0 (1) | 0 (1) | 0 (1) | 28.8 | < 0.001 | a,b,c |
| Distress (QPE) median (IQR) | 0 (1) | 1 (2) | 0 (1) | 0 (1) | 0 (1) | 208 | < 0.001 | a,b,c,e,f |
| Impact (QPE) median (IQR) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 111 | < 0.001 | a,b,c,e |
| Valence (QPE) median (IQR) | 0 (1) | 0 (1) | 0 (1) | 0 (1) | 0 (0) | 171 | < 0.001 | a,b,c,e,f |
| Hypnagogic/hypnopompic | 10.6% | 11.6% | 10.9% | 10.3% | 8.9% | 3.2 | 0.356 | – |
| Visual hallucinations (% of total) | N = 2205 (21.4%) | N = 833 (29.0%) | N = 672 (20.9%) | N = 207 (16.5%) | N = 493 (16.7%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shadows | 44.6% | 46.4% | 49.2% | 47.3% | 34.4% | 26.1 | < 0.001 | c,e,f |
| Human | 36.7% | 37.5% | 34.0% | 35.1% | 39.7% | 4.2 | 0.239 | – |
| Movement | 22.5% | 19.3% | 24.3% | 22.2% | 25.6% | 9.0 | 0.030 | c |
| Animal | 19.8% | 19.3% | 17.8% | 19.6% | 23.4% | 5.7 | 0.128 | – |
| Duration (QPE) median (IQR) | 0 (1) | 1 (1) | 0 (1) | 0 (1) | 0 (1) | 36.1 | < 0.001 | a,b,c |
| Distress (QPE) median (IQR) | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | 1 (2) | 1 (1) | 0 (1) | 138 | < 0.001 | a,b,c,e,f |
| Impact (QPE) median (IQR) | 0 (0) | 0 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 96.0 | < 0.001 | a,b,c,e |
| Valence (QPE) median (IQR) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 0 (1) | 58.0 | < 0.001 | a,b,c,e,f |
| Hypnagogic/hypnopompic | 9.1% | 11.2% | 8.4% | 9.2% | 7.5% | 6.6 | 0.085 | – |
| Olfactory hallucinations (% of total) | N = 1770 (17.2%) | N = 736 (25.6%) | N = 511 (15.9%) | N = 167 (13.3%) | N = 356 (12.1%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fire | 37.1% | 38.8% | 39.2% | 36.4% | 30.6% | 8.4 | 0.039 | c,e |
| Food or drinks | 14.9% | 13.7% | 16.3% | 14.5% | 15.5% | 1.8 | 0.620 | – |
| Perfume | 10.8% | 11.9% | 9.2% | 6.0% | 12.9% | 7.9 | 0.049 | f |
| Flowers | 9.5% | 9.5% | 8.4% | 8.4% | 11.5% | 2.6 | 0.457 | – |
| Tactile hallucinations (% of total) | N = 2032 (19.7%) | N = 849 (29.5%) | N = 634 (19.7%) | N = 179 (14.2%) | N = 370 (12.6%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Haptic | 45.0% | 49.2% | 42.6% | 40.1% | 42.0% | 10.5 | 0.015 | a,b,c |
| Formication | 24.1% | 21.9% | 25.9% | 26.3% | 25.1% | 3.9 | 0.263 | – |
| Tingling | 17.2% | 13.6% | 20.1% | 24.0% | 17.1% | 16.8 | < 0.001 | a,b |
| Wind | 5.9% | 8.1% | 5.2% | 2.8% | 3.2% | 16.1 | 0.001 | a,b,c |
Data were subset to include only those participants who had experienced a hallucination in the given modality during the past month. Proportion of participants who reported certain hallucinatory content (e.g., verbal AH) is given in percentages. Phenomenology of the hallucinations (e.g., duration) is given in QPE score, where 0 indicates least extreme and 5 indicates most extreme. H = Kruskal–Wallis test statistic; X2 = Pearson’s chi-square test statistic; *a: fragmented sleepers differ from delayed onset sleepers; b: fragmented sleepers differ from perceived poor sleepers; c: fragmented sleepers differ from good sleepers; d: delayed onset sleepers differ from perceived poor sleepers; e: delayed onset sleepers differ from good sleepers; f: perceived poor sleepers differ from good sleepers.