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. 2021 Apr 8;8:99. doi: 10.1038/s41597-021-00880-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

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Fig. 2 — Graph of the food web without (a) and with (b) parasites, showing the magnitude of the node list, density of links in the network, and increase in network size with the inclusion of parasites. Blue nodes are free-living taxa, red nodes are parasites, green are autotrophs, and brown are detritus. Each node represents a life stage of a species, and arrows point from consumers to resources. The network is arranged vertically by prey-averaged trophic level, so top consumers are at the top and producers and detritus are at the bottom. The horizontal arrangement of nodes is random, so clusters of nodes do not represent any feature of the network. Some nodes may be obscured by other nodes due to the complexity and size of the network. Concomitant links not shown so as not to obscure the other links. Created in igraph in R⁵¹.