Table 1.

Demographic characteristics of the participants in the first grade by school refusal status in the second grade (N = 4,141).

	Total		No school refusal (N = 3,526)		School refusal (N = 64)		Missing (N = 551)
Variables	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Sex
Boys	2,121	51.2	1,804	51.2	36	56.3	281	51.0
Girls	2,020	48.8	1,722	48.8	28	43.8	270	49.0
Missing	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Marital status
Married	3,675	88.8	3,176	90.1	55	85.9	444	80.6
Single/others	359	8.7	268	7.6	9	14.1	82	14.9
Missing	107	2.6	82	2.3	0	0.0	25	4.5
Birth order
No siblings	866	20.9	738	20.9	15	23.4	113	20.5
Eldest (having younger sibling)	1,315	31.8	1,130	32.1	23	35.9	162	29.4
Youngest (having elder sibling)	1,512	36.5	1,286	36.5	18	28.1	208	37.8
Middle (having both elder and younger sibling)	448	10.8	372	10.6	8	12.5	68	12.3
Missing	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Household income (million yen)
<3.0	460	11.1	365	10.4	10	15.6	85	15.4
3.0– <6.0	1,661	40.1	1,413	40.1	31	48.4	217	39.4
6.0– <10.0	1,256	30.3	1,103	31.3	15	23.4	138	25.1
≥10.0	354	8.6	310	8.8	4	6.3	40	7.3
Missing	410	9.9	335	9.5	4	6.3	71	12.9
K6
<5	2,927	70.7	2,525	71.6	34	53.1	368	66.8
5– <13	977	23.6	829	23.5	21	32.8	127	23.1
≥13	182	4.4	136	3.9	9	14.1	37	6.7
Missing	55	1.3	36	1.0	0	0.0	19	3.5
Parenting
Parent–child interaction
Low	1,523	36.8	1,269	36.0	29	45.3	225	40.8
Middle	1,441	34.8	1,257	35.7	19	29.7	165	30.0
High	1,145	27.7	981	27.8	16	25.0	148	26.9
Missing	32	0.8	19	0.5	0	0.0	13	2.4
Neglect
No	3,543	85.6	3,035	86.1	53	82.8	455	82.6
Yes	547	13.2	460	13.1	11	17.2	76	13.8
Missing	51	1.2	31	0.9	0	0.0	20	3.6
Physical abuse
No	3,575	86.3	3,071	87.1	50	78.1	454	82.4
Yes	513	12.4	421	11.9	14	21.9	78	14.2
Missing	53	1.3	34	1.0	0	0.0	19	3.5
Psychological abuse
No	2,818	68.1	2,436	69.1	36	56.3	346	62.8
Yes	1,264	30.5	1,054	29.9	28	43.8	182	33.0
Missing	59	1.4	36	1.0	0	0.0	23	4.2
Child mental health
SDQ
Total difficulties score (mean, SD)	9.8 (5.3)	–	9.7 (5.2)	–	12.1 (6.5)	–	–	–
CRCS
Total score (mean, SD)	21.2 (4.9)	–	21.3 (4.8)	–	18.8 (5.7)	–	–	–