Table 2.
Demographic characteristics of the participants in the first grade by school refusal status in the fourth grade (N = 4,141).
| Total |
No school refusal (N = 3,010) |
School refusal (N = 60) |
Missing (N = 1,071) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Boys | 2,121 | 51.2 | 1,512 | 50.2 | 37 | 61.7 | 572 | 53.4 |
| Girls | 2,020 | 48.8 | 1,498 | 49.8 | 23 | 38.3 | 499 | 46.6 |
| Missing | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married | 3,675 | 88.8 | 2,750 | 91.4 | 44 | 73.3 | 881 | 82.3 |
| Single/Others | 359 | 8.7 | 195 | 6.5 | 13 | 21.7 | 151 | 14.1 |
| Missing | 107 | 2.6 | 65 | 2.2 | 3 | 5.0 | 39 | 3.6 |
| Birth order | ||||||||
| No siblings | 866 | 20.9 | 622 | 20.7 | 16 | 26.7 | 228 | 21.3 |
| Eldest (having younger sibling) | 1,315 | 31.8 | 980 | 32.6 | 17 | 28.3 | 318 | 29.7 |
| Youngest (having elder sibling) | 1,512 | 36.5 | 1,102 | 36.6 | 21 | 35.0 | 389 | 36.3 |
| Middle (having both elder and younger sibling) | 448 | 10.8 | 306 | 10.2 | 6 | 10.0 | 136 | 12.7 |
| Missing | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Household income (million yen) | ||||||||
| <3.0 | 290 | 9.6 | 8 | 13.3 | 162 | 15.1 | 460 | 11.1 |
| 3.0– <6.0 | 1,224 | 40.7 | 23 | 38.3 | 414 | 38.7 | 1,661 | 40.1 |
| 6.0– <10.0 | 950 | 31.6 | 16 | 26.7 | 290 | 27.1 | 1,256 | 30.3 |
| ≥10.0 | 274 | 9.1 | 4 | 6.7 | 76 | 7.1 | 354 | 8.6 |
| Missing | 272 | 9.0 | 9 | 15.0 | 129 | 12.0 | 410 | 9.9 |
| K6 | ||||||||
| <5 | 2,927 | 70.7 | 2,174 | 72.2 | 34 | 56.7 | 719 | 67.1 |
| 5–13 | 977 | 23.6 | 708 | 23.5 | 17 | 28.3 | 252 | 23.5 |
| ≥13 | 182 | 4.4 | 103 | 3.4 | 8 | 13.3 | 71 | 6.6 |
| Missing | 55 | 1.3 | 25 | 0.8 | 1 | 1.7 | 29 | 2.7 |
| Parenting | ||||||||
| Parent–child interaction | ||||||||
| Low | 1,523 | 36.8 | 1,069 | 35.5 | 24 | 40.0 | 430 | 40.2 |
| Middle | 1,441 | 34.8 | 1,069 | 35.5 | 23 | 38.3 | 349 | 32.6 |
| High | 1,145 | 27.7 | 857 | 28.5 | 13 | 21.7 | 275 | 25.7 |
| Missing | 32 | 0.8 | 15 | 0.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 17 | 1.6 |
| Neglect | ||||||||
| No | 3,543 | 85.6 | 2,590 | 86.1 | 50 | 83.3 | 903 | 84.3 |
| Yes | 547 | 13.2 | 395 | 13.1 | 10 | 16.7 | 142 | 13.3 |
| Missing | 51 | 1.2 | 25 | 0.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 26 | 2.4 |
| Physical abuse | ||||||||
| No | 3,575 | 86.3 | 2,639 | 87.7 | 52 | 86.7 | 884 | 82.5 |
| Yes | 513 | 12.4 | 347 | 11.5 | 8 | 13.3 | 158 | 14.8 |
| Missing | 53 | 1.3 | 24 | 0.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 29 | 2.7 |
| Psychological abuse | ||||||||
| No | 2,818 | 68.1 | 2,083 | 69.2 | 44 | 73.3 | 691 | 64.5 |
| Yes | 1,264 | 30.5 | 897 | 29.8 | 16 | 26.7 | 351 | 32.8 |
| Missing | 59 | 1.4 | 30 | 1.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 29 | 2.7 |
| Child mental health | ||||||||
| SDQ | ||||||||
| Total difficulties score (mean, SD) | 9.6 (5.2) | – | 9.5 (5.1) | – | 10.9 (5.6) | – | – | – |
| CRCS | ||||||||
| Total score (Mean, SD) | 21.3 (4.8) | – | 21.4 (4.8) | – | 20.3 (5.3) | – | – | – |
| School refusal in the second grade | ||||||||
| No | 3,526 | 85.2 | 2,971 | 98.7 | 51 | 85.0 | 504 | 47.1 |
| Yes | 64 | 1.6 | 39 | 1.3 | 9 | 15.0 | 16 | 1.5 |
| Missing | 551 | 13.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 551 | 51.5 |