TABLE 1.
Studies and experimental characteristics of tES literature for AD and MCI.
| Authors | Subjects |
Stimulation parameters |
Neuroimaging |
Conclusion | ||||
| Type | Current | Duration | Location | Type | Feature | |||
| Gangemi et al., 2020 | 26 | tDCS | 2 mA, 20 min | Daily for 10 sessions/80 sessions for 8 months | Anode: left frontotemporal (F7-T3), cathode: right frontal lobe (Fp2). | EEG | Alpha/Beta/Theta rhythm | The short- and long-term anodal-tDCS can be used as an effective treatment to slow the progression of dementia. |
| Emonson et al., 2019 | 49 | tDCS | 1 mA, 20 min | 1 session | Anode: LDPFC (F3), cathode: contralateral supraorbital area (Fp2) | EEG | Event-related protentional | The manifestation and nature of tDCS induced neurobiological effects to differ based on age and the presence or absence of cognitive impairment. |
| Ferrucci et al., 2018 | 13 | tDCS | 2 mA, 20 min | Daily for 5 consecutive days | Anode: frontal-temporal lobes bilaterally(F7-F8), cathode: Right deltoid muscle | EEG | Power spectrum (2–7 Hz) and high (8–25 Hz) frequency | Anodal tDCS applied over the bilateral frontal-temporal cortex significantly improves cognitive ability. |
| Ladenbauer et al., 2017 | 16 | So-tDCS | 0.75 Hz, 0.522 mA/cm2, 5 min | 1 session (3–5 blocks) | Anode: prefrontal cortex (F3-F4), cathode: ipsilateral mastoid | EEG | Power spectrum (0.5–1 Hz) and fast spindles (12–15 Hz), phase-amplitude coupling | A well-tolerated therapeutic approach for disordered sleep physiology and memory deficits in patients with MCI and advances our understanding of offline memory consolidation. |
| Marceglia et al., 2016 | 7 | tDCS | 1.5 mA, 15 min | 1 session | Anode: bilateral temporal-parietal area, cathode: right deltoid muscle. | EEG | Power spectral in low (2–7 Hz) and high (8–25 Hz) frequency, coherences | The modulation of cortical activity supports anodal tDCS benefits in patients with patients during working memory tasks. |
| Cespón et al., 2019 | 26 | tDCS | 1.5 mA, 13 min | 1 session | Anode: left DLPFC (F3), cathode: right shoulder. Anode: M1 (C3), DLPFC | EEG | ERP, power spectrum in theta (4.1–7.9 Hz), alpha (8.1–13.9 Hz) and beta (15.1–24.6 Hz) | Functional neural modulations were promoted by anodal tDCS in healthy elderly and by cathodal tDCS in patients with AD |
| Naro et al., 2016 | 87 | tACS | 1 mA, 40–120 Hz, 10 min | 31 session | (AF3-AF7), DMPFC (AF3-F1), PMA (FC3), or SMA (FCz) of the left hemisphere, cathode: right mastoid | EEG | Power spectrum in the gamma band | tACS can provide a novel way to diagnose MCI and AD, and it can identify patients with MCI at risk of developing dementia |