Table 3.
SPTSS items and total mean scores and correlations with COVID-19 and war variables along with other variables.
| Characteristic | Avoidance | Arousal | Re-experience | Total SPSS Score | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean |
Std. Dev. |
P value | Mean |
Std. Dev. |
P value | Mean |
Std. Dev. |
P value | Mean |
Std. Dev. |
P value | |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male | 1.8 | 1.8 | <0.001 | 1.5 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 0.8 | 1.3 | <0.001 | 4.1 | 3.9 | <0.001 |
| Female | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 5 | 4.1 | ||||
| Change place of living due to war | ||||||||||||
| No | 1.9 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 1.6 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 1 | 1.4 | 0.001 | 4.5 | 4 | <0.001 |
| Within the same city | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 5 | 4.1 | ||||
| To another city | 2.2 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 5.2 | 4.1 | ||||
| Distress from war noises | ||||||||||||
| No | 1.8 | 1.7 | 0.002 | 1.4 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 0.8 | 1.3 | <0.001 | 4.1 | 3.8 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 2 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 4.9 | 4.1 | ||||
| Being a student | ||||||||||||
| No | 1.8 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 1.6 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 0.9 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 4.4 | 4 | <0.001 |
| In a school | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 5.1 | 3.9 | ||||
| In a university of high institute | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 5 | 4.1 | ||||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Elementary | 1.5 | 1.8 | 0.006 | 1.4 | 1.6 | <0.001 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 0.002 | 4 | 4.6 | <0.001 |
| Until grade 9 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 4.7 | 4 | ||||
| High School | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 5 | 4 | ||||
| University, or high institute | 2 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 4.8 | 4.1 | ||||
| Master or higher | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 4 | 3.8 | ||||
| House that you currently live in | ||||||||||||
| Owned | 1.9 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 0.001 | 1 | 1.5 | 0.089 | 4.6 | 4 | 0.001 |
| Rented or given by the government | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 5 | 4.1 | ||||
| Living in friends\relatives house | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 5.1 | 4 | ||||
| Chronic Medical Condition | ||||||||||||
| No | 1.9 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 1.6 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 0.9 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 4.4 | 3.9 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 4.7 | 4.5 | ||||
| Diabetes | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1 | 1.4 | 4.4 | 4.3 | ||||
| Asthma | 2.6 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 6.3 | 4.3 | ||||
| Other | 2.5 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 6.2 | 4.3 | ||||
| Two or more | 2.3 | 1.8 | 2 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 5.8 | 4.4 | ||||
| Chronic Condition With Housemates | ||||||||||||
| No | 1.8 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 1.6 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 0.9 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 4.3 | 3.8 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 2 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1 | 1.4 | 4.6 | 4 | ||||
| Diabetes | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 4.4 | 3.9 | ||||
| Asthma | 2.2 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 5.7 | 4.1 | ||||
| Other | 2.2 | 1.9 | 2 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 5.6 | 4.4 | ||||
| Two or more | 2.2 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 5.2 | 4.2 | ||||
| Marital Status | ||||||||||||
| Single | 2.1 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 0.002 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 0.009 | 4.8 | 4 | <0.001 |
| In a relationship | 2.1 | 1.8 | 2 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 5.2 | 4.1 | ||||
| Married | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 4.3 | 3.9 | ||||
| Divorced | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 4.3 | 4.3 | ||||
| Engaged | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 5 | 4.3 | ||||
| Widowed | 2.6 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 5.8 | 4.5 | ||||
| Smoking cigarette or shisha | ||||||||||||
| I was not a smoker and did not start | 2 | 1.7 | 0.001 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 0.001 | 1 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 4.7 | 3.9 | <0.001 |
| I used to smoke one of them but now I smoke both | 2.8 | 2 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 6.9 | 4.5 | ||||
| Yes I am smoking now and before COVID 19 | 2 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 4.8 | 4.2 | ||||
| I started smoking cigarettes | 2.2 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 4.6 | 5 | ||||
| I started Shisha | 2.4 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 5.6 | 5 | ||||
| Smoking Changes From COVID-19 | ||||||||||||
| Stopped smoking | 1.9 | 1.6 | <0.001 | 1.7 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 0.8 | 1.3 | <0.001 | 4.5 | 4 | <0.001 |
| Almost the same | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 4.2 | 4 | ||||
| Increased dramatically | 2.5 | 2 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 6.2 | 4.6 | ||||
| Decreased dramatically | 2 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1 | 1.4 | 4.8 | 3.9 | ||||
| Monthly Income adequacy | ||||||||||||
| It cannot cover buying the essentials | 2.3 | 1.8 | <0.001 | 1.9 | 1.6 | <0.001 | 1.3 | 1.6 | <0.001 | 5.6 | 4.3 | <0.001 |
| It is only enough for essentials from food and drink | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1 | 1.4 | 4.6 | 3.9 | ||||
| It is enough for essentials and other things | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 4.1 | 3.9 | ||||
| Have you been suspected of having COVID-19 | ||||||||||||
| No symptoms or signs | 2 | 1.7 | 0.005 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 0.002 | 1 | 1.5 | 0.034 | 4.7 | 4 | 0.001 |
| Yes, has some possible symptoms, but no diagnosis | 2.5 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 6.2 | 4.4 | ||||
| Yes, I was diagnosed with COVID-19 by a doctor | 1 | . | 3 | . | 1 | . | 5 | . | ||||
| Exposed to someone likely to have COVID-19 | ||||||||||||
| No | 2 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 1.7 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 1 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 4.7 | 4 | <0.001 |
| Yes, has some possible symptoms, but no diagnosis by doctor | 2.5 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 6 | 4.3 | ||||
| Yes, with someone was diagnosed by a doctor | 3.3 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 2 | 8.2 | 4.2 | ||||
| Anyone in your family been diagnosed with COVID-19 | ||||||||||||
| No | 2 | 1.7 | 0.339 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 0.252 | 1 | 1.5 | 0.111 | 4.7 | 4 | 0.141 |
| Yes, non-household member | 2.4 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 6.4 | 4.9 | ||||
| Yes, member of household | 2.3 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 5.1 | 3.3 | ||||
| Happened because of COVID-19: | ||||||||||||
| Fallen ill physically | ||||||||||||
| No | 1.9 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 1.6 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 1 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 4.5 | 4 | <0.001 |
| To a family member | 2.4 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 6 | 4.3 | ||||
| To a housemate | 2.4 | 1.9 | 2 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 5.8 | 4.4 | ||||
| To you | 2.5 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 6.5 | 4.3 | ||||
| Hospitalized | ||||||||||||
| No | 2 | 1.7 | 0.117 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 0.274 | 1 | 1.5 | 0.053 | 4.7 | 4 | 0.064 |
| To a family member | 2.4 | 2 | 2 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 5.8 | 4.7 | ||||
| To a housemate | 2.6 | 2 | 2 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 6.2 | 5.1 | ||||
| To you | 2.3 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 5.5 | 4.7 | ||||
| Self-quarantine with symptoms | ||||||||||||
| No | 2 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 0.025 | 1 | 1.5 | 0.001 | 4.7 | 4 | <0.001 |
| To a family member | 4 | 2.2 | 3 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 9.7 | 4.6 | ||||
| To a housemate | 3.2 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 7.3 | 4.9 | ||||
| To you | 3.3 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 7.1 | 4.6 | ||||
| Self-quarantine without symptoms | ||||||||||||
| No | 2 | 1.7 | 0.013 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 0.025 | 1 | 1.5 | 0.001 | 4.7 | 4 | 0.004 |
| To a family member | 2.6 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 6.8 | 4.4 | ||||
| To a housemate | 3.5 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 2 | 1.7 | 7.4 | 4.3 | ||||
| To you | 2.5 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 7.3 | 4.5 | ||||
| Lost Job | ||||||||||||
| No | 1.8 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 1.6 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 1 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 4.4 | 4 | <0.001 |
| To a family member | 2.2 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 5.4 | 4 | ||||
| To a housemate | 2 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 5.8 | 4.4 | ||||
| To you | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1 | 1.4 | 5.1 | 4.1 | ||||
| Two of the previous | 2.4 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 5.4 | 3.9 | ||||
| All of the previous | 2.9 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 6.4 | 4.5 | ||||
| Reduced ability to earn money | ||||||||||||
| No | 1.8 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 1.5 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 0.9 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 4.3 | 4 | <0.001 |
| To a family member | 2.3 | 1.7 | 2 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 5.4 | 4 | ||||
| To a housemate | 2.1 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 5.9 | 4.4 | ||||
| To you | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 5.1 | 4.1 | ||||
| Two of the previous | 2.4 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 5.5 | 4 | ||||
| All of the previous | 2.7 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 6.4 | 4.4 | ||||
| Passed away | ||||||||||||
| No | 2 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 1.7 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 1 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 4.7 | 4 | <0.001 |
| To a family member | 3.3 | 2 | 2.9 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 8.3 | 4.9 | ||||
| To a housemate | 3.8 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 2 | 2.1 | 8 | 5.1 | ||||
| How worried have you been from: | ||||||||||||
| Being infected | ||||||||||||
| Not at all | 1.8 | 1.8 | <0.001 | 1.4 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 0.9 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 4.1 | 4 | <0.001 |
| Slightly | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 4.2 | 3.7 | ||||
| Moderately | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 5 | 3.9 | ||||
| Very | 2.9 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 7.3 | 4.3 | ||||
| Friends or family being infected | ||||||||||||
| Not at all | 1.5 | 1.8 | <0.001 | 1.3 | 1.3 | <0.001 | 0.7 | 1.3 | <0.001 | 3.5 | 3.8 | <0.001 |
| Slightly | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 3.8 | 3.7 | ||||
| Moderately | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 4.5 | 3.8 | ||||
| Very | 2.4 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 5.9 | 4.2 | ||||
| Your work will be negatively affected | ||||||||||||
| Not at all | 1.7 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 1.5 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 0.9 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 4.1 | 3.8 | <0.001 |
| Slightly | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 4.3 | 3.8 | ||||
| Moderately | 2 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 4.5 | 3.9 | ||||
| Very | 2.5 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 6.1 | 4.4 | ||||
| Your studies will be negatively affected | ||||||||||||
| Not at all | 1.8 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 1.6 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 0.9 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 4.3 | 3.8 | <0.001 |
| Slightly | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 4.1 | 3.8 | ||||
| Moderately | 2 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1 | 1.4 | 4.6 | 3.9 | ||||
| Very | 2.6 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 6.2 | 4.3 | ||||
| Providing food will be affected | ||||||||||||
| Not at all | 1.5 | 1.6 | <0.001 | 1.3 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 0.8 | 1.3 | <0.001 | 3.6 | 3.6 | <0.001 |
| Slightly | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 4 | 3.6 | ||||
| Moderately | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1 | 1.4 | 4.9 | 3.9 | ||||
| Very | 2.7 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 6.5 | 4.3 | ||||
| Are you committed to quarantine | ||||||||||||
| I do not go out at all | 2.2 | 1.8 | <0.001 | 1.8 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 1.2 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 5.2 | 4.2 | <0.001 |
| Only for essentials | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1 | 1.4 | 4.6 | 4 | ||||
| Reduced my going out | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1 | 1.4 | 4.4 | 4 | ||||
| Have not changed at all | 2 | 2 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 4.9 | 4.4 | ||||
| Quality of your relationships with your friends | ||||||||||||
| A lot better | 1.7 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 1.6 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 0.8 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 4 | 3.4 | <0.001 |
| A little better | 2 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 4.8 | 4.2 | ||||
| About the same | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 4.3 | 3.8 | ||||
| A little worse | 2.5 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 6.1 | 4.3 | ||||
| A lot worse | 2.8 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 6.7 | 4.6 | ||||
| Quality of your relationships with your housemates | ||||||||||||
| A lot better | 1.6 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 1.5 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 0.8 | 1.3 | <0.001 | 3.9 | 3.5 | <0.001 |
| A little better | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1 | 1.4 | 4.6 | 3.9 | ||||
| About the same | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 4.2 | 3.9 | ||||
| A little worse | 2.7 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 6.6 | 4.1 | ||||
| A lot worse | 3.5 | 1.7 | 3.1 | 1.4 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 8.9 | 4.3 | ||||
| Quality of the relationships between you and members of your family | ||||||||||||
| A lot better | 1.5 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 1.5 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 0.8 | 1.2 | <0.001 | 3.8 | 3.3 | <0.001 |
| A little better | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1 | 1.4 | 4.5 | 3.8 | ||||
| About the same | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 4.4 | 3.9 | ||||
| A little worse | 2.6 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 6.3 | 4.2 | ||||
| A lot worse | 3 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 1.7 | 2 | 1.8 | 7.6 | 4.6 | ||||
| Quality of your relationships with your Partner | ||||||||||||
| A lot better | 1.6 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 1.6 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 0.9 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 4.1 | 3.9 | <0.001 |
| A little better | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 4.8 | 4.1 | ||||
| About the same | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 4 | 3.8 | ||||
| A little worse | 2.6 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 6.2 | 4.1 | ||||
| A lot worse | 3.3 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 8.5 | 4.4 | ||||
| Drugs increases after COVID-19 | ||||||||||||
| No drugs | 1.8 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 1.5 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 0.8 | 1.3 | <0.001 | 4.2 | 3.8 | <0.001 |
| Analgesics and NSAIDS | 2.4 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 6 | 4.4 | ||||
| OTC flu medications | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 4.9 | 4.1 | ||||
| Hypnotics | 3.3 | 1.7 | 3.1 | 1.5 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 9.2 | 4 | ||||
| Antibiotics | 2.3 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 5.8 | 4 | ||||
| Other | 2.3 | 2 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 5.6 | 4.2 | ||||
| 2 drugs | 2.4 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 6.3 | 4.4 | ||||
| 3 drugs or more | 1.9 | 2 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 5.9 | 5.1 | ||||
| Drugs increases for your family | ||||||||||||
| No drugs | 1.9 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 1.6 | 1.5 | <0.001 | 0.9 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 4.4 | 3.9 | <0.001 |
| Analgesics and NSAIDS | 2.3 | 1.8 | 2 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 5.6 | 4.2 | ||||
| OTC flu medications | 2 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1 | 1.4 | 4.9 | 3.9 | ||||
| Hypnotics | 2.4 | 1.4 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 6.5 | 2.9 | ||||
| Antibiotics | 2.7 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 6.8 | 4.2 | ||||
| Other | 2.2 | 1.9 | 2 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 5.5 | 4.1 | ||||
| 2 drugs | 2.1 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 5.1 | 4.1 | ||||
| 3 drugs or more | 2.5 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 6.3 | 4 | ||||