Table 2.
Retinal vessel diameters and pulse wave velocity in relation to categories of household income, education level, migration background, parental smoking and physical activity behavior.
| Parameter | n | CRAE (μm)Mean (95% CI) | P | CRVE (μm)Mean (95% CI) | P | AVRMean (95% CI) | P | PWV (m/s)Mean (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Household income | 0.185 | 0.770 | 0.114 | 0.002 | |||||
| Low(<CHF 5000/month) | 250 | 203.0(201.3;204.7) | 231.4(229.6;233.3) | 0.87(0.87;0.88) | 4.37(4.33;4.41) | ||||
| Medium(CHF5000-9000/month) | 279 | 202.3(200.7;204.0) | 230.5(228.8;232.3) | 0.87(0.87;0.88) | 4.37(4.33;4.41) | ||||
| High(>CHF 9000/month) | 304 | 204.4(202.9;205.9) | 230.8(229.1;232.4) | 0.88(0.87;0.89) | 4.29(4.26;4.33) | ||||
| Household incomea | 0.511 | 0.974 | 0.661 | 0.033 | |||||
| Low(<CHF 5000/month) | 250 | 203.6(201.6;205.5) | 231.1(229.0;233.2) | 0.88(0.87;0.89) | 4.36(4.32;4.41) | ||||
| Medium(CHF5000-9000/month) | 279 | 202.6(200.9;204.3) | 230.7(229.0;232.6) | 0.87(0.87;0.88) | 4.37(4.34;4.41) | ||||
| High(>CHF 9000/month) | 304 | 204.0(202.2;205.8) | 230.9(229.0;232.8) | 0.88(0.87;0.88) | 4.30(4.26;4.34) | ||||
| Educational level | 0.141 | 0.415 | 0.007 | 0.041 | |||||
| Low(obligatory school) | 83 | 200.5(197.7;203.4) | 230.5(227.5;233.5) | 0.86(0.85;0.88) | 4.40(4.34;4.47) | ||||
| Medium(vocational school) | 181 | 203.2(201.3;205.2) | 231.8(229.8;233.8) | 0.87(0.86;0.88) | 4.37(4.33;4.42) | ||||
| High(tertiary education) | 569 | 203.6(202.5;204.7) | 230.2(229.1;231.4) | 0.88(0.87;0.88) | 4.33(4.30;4.35) | ||||
| Educational levelb | 0.165 | 0.475 | 0.060 | 0.420 | |||||
| Low(obligatory school) | 83 | 200.6(197.4;203.8) | 230.8(227.4;234.3) | 0.86(0.85;0.88) | 4.39(4.31;4.46) | ||||
| Medium(vocational school) | 181 | 204.0(201.8;206.1) | 232.2(229.9;234.5) | 0.87(0.86;0.88) | 4.33(4.28;4.38) | ||||
| High(tertiary education) | 569 | 203.7(202.4;204.9) | 230.5(229.2;231.8) | 0.88(0.87;0.88) | 4.34(4.31;4.37) | ||||
| Migration background | 0.768 | 0.007 | 0.019 | 0.371 | |||||
| European | 654 | 203.0(202.0;204.0) | 229.9(228.9;231.0) | 0.88(0.87;0.88) | 4.35(4.33;4.37) | ||||
| One-sided | 106 | 204.0(204.0;203.4) | 232.0(229.3;234.6) | 0.87(0.86;0.88) | 4.36(4.30;4.41) | ||||
| Two-sided | 73 | 203.4(200.3;206.4) | 235.1(231.9;238.2) | 0.86(0.85;0.87) | 4.30(4.23;4.37) | ||||
| Migration backgroundc | 0.874 | 0.012 | 0.034 | 0.123 | |||||
| European | 654 | 203.2(202.2;204.3) | 230.2(229.0;231.3) | 0.88(0.87;0.88) | 4.35(4.33;4.38) | ||||
| One-sided | 106 | 203.6(200.9;206.3) | 232.0(229.2;234.9) | 0.87(0.86;0.88) | 4.35(4.29;4.41) | ||||
| Two-sided | 73 | 204.1(200.8;207.4) | 235.7(232.1;239.2) | 0.86(0.85;0.87) | 4.27(4.19;4.34) | ||||
| Physical activity | 0.482 | 0.481 | 0.020 | 0.035 | |||||
| Low (<1/week) | 211 | 202.7(200.8;204.6) | 232.0(230.0;233.9) | 0.87(0.86;0.87) | 4.39(4.35;4.44) | ||||
| Medium (1/week) | 177 | 202.5(200.5;204.5) | 230.8(228.7;232.9) | 0.87(0.86;0.88) | 4.32(4.27;4.37) | ||||
| High (>1/week) | 445 | 203.8(202.5;205.0) | 230.5(229.2;231.8) | 0.88(0.87;0.88) | 4.33(4.30;4.36) | ||||
| Physical activityd | 0.573 | 0.616 | 0.071 | 0.098 | |||||
| Low (<1/week) | 211 | 202.8(200.9;204.7) | 231.7(229.7;233.7) | 0.87(0.86;0.88) | 4.38(4.34;4.43) | ||||
| Medium (1/week) | 177 | 202.5(200.5;204.5) | 230.8(228.7;232.9) | 0.87(0.86;0.88) | 4.32(4.28;4.37) | ||||
| High (>1/week) | 445 | 203.6(202.4;204.9) | 230.5(229.2;231.9) | 0.88(0.87;0.88) | 4.34(4.31;4.36) | ||||
| Parental smoking status | 0.155 | 0.637 | 0.013 | <0.001 | |||||
| Non-smoker | 555 | 203.5(202.4;2046) | 230.4(229.2;231.6) | 0.88(0.87;0.88) | 4.32(4.29;4.34) | ||||
| Smoker | 278 | 202.1(200.6;203.7) | 230.9(229.3;232.5) | 0.87(0.86;0.88) | 4.39(4.35;4.42) | ||||
| Parental smoking statuse | 0.291 | 0.704 | 0.057 | 0.001 | |||||
| Non-smoker | 555 | 203.4(202.3;204.5) | 230.6(229.4;231.8) | 0.88(0.87;0.88) | 4.32(4.29;4.34) | ||||
| Smoker | 278 | 202.4(200.8;204.0) | 231.0(229.3;232.7) | 0.87(0.86;0.88) | 4.39(4.35;4.42) |
Data adjusted for age and gender, P-value across lowest and highest category (univariate analysis of covariance).
Additionally adjusted for educational level.
Additionally adjusted for household income.
Additionally adjusted for household income and educational level.
Additionally adjusted for smoking status.
Additionally adjusted for parental physical activity level.
CRAE, central retinal arteriolar equivalent; CRVE, central retinal venular equivalent; AVR, arteriolar-to-venular diameter ratio; PWV, pulse wave velocity; CI, confidence interval; bold values are statistically significant associations after adjustment.