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. 2021 Mar 26;11:590202. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.590202

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Copyright © 2021 Raspini, Vacca, Porri, De Giuseppe, Calabrese, Chieppa, Liso, Cerbo, Civardi, Garofoli, De Angelis and Cena

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Box plots of the alpha diversity (Shannon index and number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identified) among T2 fecal samples (infants at 6 months of age) grouped according to different factors influencing early microbiota composition. Maternal factors: maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (WG). NW [n.37]: normal pre-pregnancy BMI (BMI < 25 kg/m²), OW [n.12]: excessive pre-pregnancy BMI (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²); EWG [n.20]: excessive gestational WG, NWG [n.29]: optimal gestational WG). Food-related factors: Feeding (_EBF [n.31]: exclusive breast-feeding, NeBF [n.21]: not exclusively breast fed, mixed fed or exclusively formula fed) and Weaning (≤4 [n.41]: before 4 months of age, >4 [n.9]: after 4 months of age). Environmental factors: Delivery mode (CS [n.7]: cesarean section, VD [n.46]: vaginal delivery) and presence of Older siblings (FB [n.30]: first-born, nFB [n.22]: not first-born). *P = p-value.