Table 1.

Classifications and examples of ADRVs within this study. Substance classifications were defined by their location in the 2020 WADA Prohibited list or their closest categorisation therein [28]

Classifications of ADRVs	Examples
AAS	AAF for the detection of AAS, e.g. testosterone, metandienone, nandrolone, oxandrolone, stanozolol, dehydrochloromethyltestosterone and metenolone
Stimulants	AAF for the detection of stimulants, e.g. sibutramine, methylhexaneamine and ephedrine
Other substances	AAF for the detection of the following: Diuretics and masking agents (e.g. furosemide); Other anabolic agents (e.g. clenbuterol); Beta-blockers (e.g. propranolol); Substances used in equestrian doping (e.g. capsaicin); Ethanol; Hormone and metabolic modulators (e.g. tamoxifen); Peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances and mimetics (e.g. Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptides)
ABP Violations	A violation of the ABP due to abnormal athlete data
Other specific cases	Revelations of athlete involvement with an organised doping regime but specific substances used at the relevant Games are not fully elucidated (e.g. confessed or known involvement in the BALCO scandal); Confessions of doping; Refusal to submit urine or urine tampering; Doping identified retroactively at a prior Olympics causing result disqualification at a later Olympics; Combinations of these reasons and any of the previously mentioned classifications

ADRV Anti-Doping Rule Violation, AAS anabolic androgenic steroids, AAF adverse analytical finding, ABP athlete biological passport, BALCO Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative