| Herbal supplements |
| Spirulina platensis (2-4) |
| Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
|
| Chlorella
|
| Echinacea (2) |
| Alfalfa (5) |
| Drugs |
| Hydroxyurea (6-10) |
| TNF-α inhibitors (6,11-18) |
| PD-1 inhibitors (19-25) |
| CTLA-4 inhibitors (19,26,27) |
| Penicillamine (6,28-31) |
| Hydroxymethylglutaryl Co-A reductase inhibitors (32,33) |
| Lacosamide (34) |
| Additional drugs: Phenylbutazone, Cyclophosphamide, Etoposide, Imatinib mesylate, Interferon-α2b, Omeprazole, Phenytoin, Tegaflur, Alfuzason, Etancercept, Gemfibrozil (6) |
| Vaccinations |
| Smallpox, diptheria and tetanus, Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin (BCG), diptheria, inactivated polio, oral cold vaccine, influenza (35-45) |
| Infections |
| Viral |
| Parvovirus (46) |
| Coxsackie B virus (47-49) |
| Polyomavirus (50,51) |
| Epstein-Barr virus (52,53) |
| Hepatitis B and C virus (54-57) |
| Human immunodeficiency virus (58) |
| Bacterial |
| Streptococcus pyogenes (59) |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (60) |
| Borrelia burgdorferi (61) |
| Ultraviolet radiation (62-70) |
| Environmental pollution |
| Silica (71-73) |
| Dust (biological, mineral, gases/fumes) (74) |
| Particulate matter (vehicle/industrial emissions) (75-78) |
| Cigarette smoking (79,80) |
| Maternal exposure (associated with JDM): Chalk dust, gasoline vapor, maternal smoking, carbon monoxide (81) |
| Miscellaneous |
| Seasonal variation (82-86) |
| Pregnancy (87-93) |
| Liquid silicone filler rhinoplasty (94) |
| Silicone breast implants (95) |
