Table 2. Association between prior pulmonary tuberculosis and COPD in subgroups.
| Subgroup | Number of studies | Heterogeneity test | OR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoke status | ||||
| Never smoker | 8 | I2=73.0%; Tau2=0.130; P<0.001 | 2.41 | 1.74–3.32 |
| Definitions of TB | ||||
| Self-report | 21 | I2=75.4%; Tau2=0.142; P<0.001 | 2.61 | 2.13–3.21 |
| Chest X-ray | 3 | I2=94.1%; Tau2=0.358; P<0.001 | 2.47 | 1.23–4.97 |
| Definition of COPD | ||||
| Pre-bronchodilator | ||||
| FEV1/FVC <0.7 | 4 | I2=82.6%; Tau2=0.068; P<0.001 | 2.35 | 1.82–3.04 |
| Post-bronchodilator | ||||
| FEV1/FVC <0.7 | 13 | I2=64.6%; Tau2=0.218; P<0.001 | 2.31 | 1.68–3.18 |
| FEV1/FVC < LLN | 5 | I2=83.2%; Tau2=0.165; P<0.001 | 2.32 | 1.50–3.57 |
| Income level | ||||
| High-income country settings | 6 | I2=71.5%; Tau2=0.132; P=0.002 | 2.44 | 1.70–3.49 |
| Low- and middle-income country settings | 14 | I2=83.3%; Tau2=0.188; P<0.001 | 2.70 | 2.08–3.51 |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; TB, tuberculosis; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; LLN, lower limit of normal.