Table 2.
Cross-sectional associations of sleep regularity index (SRI) quartiles with diabetes prevalence and glycemic biomarkers, Sueño Ancillary Study
| SRI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 (2.4–63.8) | Quartile 2 (63.8–71.5) | Quartile 3 (71.5–77.0) | Quartile 4 (77.0–92.4) | p trend* | ||
| Overall (N = 2107) | Diabetes | |||||
| Prevalence, % | 14.0% | 10.5% | 11.7% | 12.9% | ||
| OR (95% CI) | Model 1 | 1.70 (1.02 to 2.83) | 1.08 (0.68 to 1.72) | 0.97 (0.62 to 1.53) | 1.00 (ref) | .018 |
| Model 2 | 1.56 (0.95 to 2.58) | 1.10 (0.68 to 1.78) | 0.99 (0.61 to 1.60) | 1.00 (ref) | .028 | |
| Model 3 | 1.64 (0.98 to 2.74) | 1.12 (0.70 to 1.81) | 1.00 (0.62 to 1.62) | 1.00 (ref) | .023 | |
| Model 4 | 1.61 (0.96 to 2.70) | 1.05 (0.65 to 1.70) | 0.94 (0.58 to 1.52) | 1.00 (ref) | .043 | |
| Not on antidiabetic medication† at baseline (N = 1889) | HOMA-IR | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 3.03 (0.16) | 2.90 (0.13) | 2.99 (0.15) | 3.01 (0.16) | ||
| Difference in mean (95% CI) | Model 1 | 0.06 (−0.40 to 0.53) | −0.08 (−0.48 to 0.31) | −0.01 (−0.45 to 0.42) | 0.00 (ref) | .945 |
| Model 2 | 0.03 (−0.45 to 0.51) | −0.09 (−0.48 to 0.31) | −0.03 (−0.47 to 0.40) | 0.00 (ref) | .814 | |
| Model 3 | 0.08 (−0.40 to 0.57) | −0.05 (−0.45 to 0.35) | −0.03 (−0.46 to 0.41) | 0.00 (ref) | .937 | |
| Model 4 | 0.19 (−0.22 to 0.59) | −0.03 (−0.36 to 0.30) | −0.04 (−0.40 to 0.31) | 0.00 (ref) | .874 | |
| Not on antidiabetic medication† at baseline (N = 1889) | HOMA-β | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 162.10 (10.91) | 163.94 (10.40) | 150.77 (6.80) | 144.33 (5.87) | ||
| Difference in mean (95% CI) | Model 1 | 15.75 (−10.68 to 42.17) | 17.06 (−5.30 to 39.41) | 5.91 (−11.73 to 23.54) | 0.00 (ref) | .957 |
| Model 2 | 14.05 (−11.18 to 39.27) | 15.10 (−6.95 to 37.15) | 4.59 (−12.71 to 21.90) | 0.00 (ref) | .929 | |
| Model 3 | 19.12 (−8.15 to 46.39) | 18.98 (−4.18 to 42.14) | 5.57 (−11.71 to 22.85) | 0.00 (ref) | .924 | |
| Model 4 | 23.32 (−2.94 to 49.59) | 20.08 (−0.98 to 41.14) | 4.85 (−9.47 to 19.17) | 0.00 (ref) | .982 | |
| Not on antidiabetic medication† at baseline (N = 1889) | HbA1c [mmol/mol] | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 36.34 (0.43) | 35.81 (0.42) | 36.37 (0.40) | 36.97 (0.48) | ||
| Difference in mean (95% CI) | Model 1 | 0.51 (−0.83 to 1.86) | −0.34 (−1.67 to 0.98) | −0.32 (−1.54 to 0.90) | 0.00 (ref) | .297 |
| Model 2 | 0.70 (−0.66 to 2.07) | −0.11 (−1.36 to 1.13) | −0.16 (−1.34 to 1.01) | 0.00 (ref) | .204 | |
| Model 3 | 0.82 (−0.60 to 2.24) | −0.07 (−1.30 to 1.16) | −0.18 (−1.38 to 1.02) | 0.00 (ref) | .156 | |
| Model 4 | 0.87 (−0.51 to 2.25) | −0.10 (−1.29 to 1.10) | −0.23 (−1.39 to 0.94) | 0.00 (ref) | .165 | |
Means, standard errors (SEs) and percentages are weighted for survey design. Significant p-values are marked in bold. Quartile 1—least regular SRI, Quartile 4—most regular SRI. CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SE, standard error. Model 1: adjusted for age and sex. Model 2: adjusted for the covariates of Model 1, plus additionally Hispanic/Latino background, study site, work schedule, income, education, and depressive symptoms. Model 3: adjusted for the covariates of Model 2, plus additionally midsleep point, sleep duration, and sleep medication use. Model 4: adjusted for the covariates of Model 3, plus additionally body mass index, physical activity and apnea-hypopnea index.
*HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, and HbA1c were log-transformed for calculation of ptrend.
†Including 9 participants for whom information on self-reported antidiabetic medication use during the last 4 weeks was missing at the baseline examination.