Table 4.
Prospective associations of sleep regularity index (SRI) quartiles with diabetes incidence and changes in glycemic biomarkers, Sueño Ancillary Study
| SRI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 (2.4–63.8) | Quartile 2 (63.8–71.5) | Quartile 3 (71.5–77.0) | Quartile 4 (77.0–92.4) | p trend* | ||
| Adults without prevalent diabetes (N = 1532) | Diabetes | |||||
| Cumulative incidence†, % | 5.8% | 7.5% | 8.3% | 6.5% | ||
| IRR (95% CI) | Model 1 | 1.31 (0.75 to 2.28) | 1.66 (0.94 to 2.91) | 1.46 (0.90 to 2.39) | 1.00 (ref) | .340 |
| Model 2 | 1.18 (0.69 to 2.02) | 1.73 (1.03 to 2.92) | 1.47 (0.88 to 2.44) | 1.00 (ref) | .505 | |
| Model 3 | 1.27 (0.74 to 2.18) | 1.96 (1.17 to 3.29) | 1.61 (0.97 to 2.67) | 1.00 (ref) | .385 | |
| Model 4 | 1.18 (0.70 to 1.97) | 1.91 (1.14 to 3.21) | 1.52 (0.92 to 2.52) | 1.00 (ref) | .575 | |
| Not on antidiabetic medication‡ at baseline and Visit 2 (N = 1536) | HOMA-IR | |||||
| Mean change (SE) † | 0.77 (0.26) | 0.98 (0.21) | 1.11 (0.16) | 0.36 (0.16) | ||
| Difference in mean change (95% CI) | Model 1 | 0.47 (−0.04 to 0.99) | 0.63 (0.08 to 1.17) | 0.73 (0.30 to 1.15) | 0.00 (ref) | .290 |
| Model 2 | 0.39 (−0.11 to 0.88) | 0.61 (0.11 to 1.10) | 0.69 (0.28 to 1.09) | 0.00 (ref) | .444 | |
| Model 3 | 0.41 (−0.09 to 0.91) | 0.65 (0.14 to 1.15) | 0.68 (0.28 to 1.07) | 0.00 (ref) | .440 | |
| Model 4 | 0.48 (0.01 to 0.95) | 0.67 (0.16 to 1.18) | 0.68 (0.27 to 1.08) | 0.00 (ref) | .547 | |
| Not on antidiabetic medication‡ at baseline and Visit 2 (N = 1536) | HOMA-β | |||||
| Mean change (SE) † | 18.85 (13.26) | 7.72 (8.96) | 17.05 (6.18) | −3.76 (5.16) | ||
| Difference in mean change (95% CI) | Model 1 | 26.27 (0.84 to 51.71) | 14.90 (−3.17 to 32.96) | 21.07 (6.50 to 35.64) | 0.00 (ref) | .087 |
| Model 2 | 13.65 (−8.10 to 35.41) | 6.33 (−10.55 to 23.20) | 15.24 (0.84 to 29.64) | 0.00 (ref) | .673 | |
| Model 3 | 15.42 (−9.00 to 39.84) | 7.10 (−9.59 to 23.80) | 13.76 (−1.21 to 28.73) | 0.00 (ref) | .535 | |
| Model 4 | 18.18 (−4.80 to 41.16) | 9.65 (−7.29 to 26.58) | 14.22 (−1.14 to 29.58) | 0.00 (ref) | .632 | |
| Not on antidiabetic medication‡ at baseline and Visit 2 (N = 1536) | HbA1c (mmol/mol) | |||||
| Mean change (SE) † | 1.24 (0.25) | 1.36 (0.22) | 2.27 (0.25) | 1.79 (0.25) | ||
| Difference in mean change (95% CI) | Model 1 | −0.32 (−1.07 to 0.43) | −0.26 (−0.91 to 0.39) | 0.53 (−0.15 to 1.21) | 0.00 (ref) | .888 |
| Model 2 | −0.27 (−1.04 to 0.50) | −0.22 (−0.89 to 0.46) | 0.56 (−0.12 to 1.24) | 0.00 (ref) | .992 | |
| Model 3 | −0.27 (−1.05 to 0.51) | −0.18 (−0.84 to 0.48) | 0.59 (−0.08 to 1.25) | 0.00 (ref) | .960 | |
| Model 4 | −0.27 (−1.04 to 0.50) | −0.16 (−0.82 to 0.51) | 0.60 (−0.06 to 1.27) | 0.00 (ref) | .827 | |
Means, standard errors (SEs) and percentages are weighted for survey design. Quartile 1—least regular SRI, Quartile 4—most regular SRI. CI, confidence interval; IRR, incidence rate ratio. Model 1: adjusted for age and sex. Model 2: adjusted for the covariates of Model 1, plus additionally Hispanic/Latino background, study site, work schedule, income, education, depressive symptoms, and follow-up time (as an offset in the Poisson regressions). Model 3: adjusted for the covariates of Model 2, plus additionally midsleep point, sleep duration, and sleep medication use. Model 4: adjusted for the covariates of Model 3, plus additionally body mass index, physical activity, and apnea-hypopnea index.
*HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, and HbA1c were used on the original scale for calculation of ptrend.
†During a mean follow-up time of 5.7 years.
‡Including 30 participants for whom information on self-reported antidiabetic medication use during the last 4 weeks was missing either at the baseline examination or at Visit 2.