Table 2.
Associations of fear of COVID-19 with sociodemographic factors
| Fear of COVID-19a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjustedb | ||||
| Mean ± SD | β (95% CI) | p value | Effect sizec | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 6.09 ± 2.29 | – | ||
| Female | 6.53 ± 2.11 | 0.42 (0.29, 0.55) | <.001 | 0.09 |
| Age group | ||||
| 18–34 years | 6.55 ± 2.15 | – | ||
| 35–44 years | 6.60 ± 2.08 | 0.13 (−0.05, 0.31) | .17 | 0.02 |
| 45–54 years | 6.21 ± 2.22 | −0.29 (−0.48, −0.09) | .004** | −0.04 |
| 55–64 years | 5.89 ± 2.32 | −0.61 (−0.83, −0.39) | <.001*** | −0.08 |
| ≥65 years | 5.73 ± 2.13 | −0.68 (−1.03, −0.33) | <.001*** | −0.05 |
| p for trend | <.001*** | |||
| Education | ||||
| Secondary or below | 6.39 ± 2.33 | – | ||
| Post-secondary | 6.33 ± 2.18 | −0.27 (−0.48, −0.07) | .01* | −0.04 |
| Housing | ||||
| Public housing | 6.48 ± 2.24 | – | ||
| Rented | 6.42 ± 2.14 | 0.09 (−0.15, 0.33) | .47 | 0.01 |
| Owned | 6.26 ± 2.20 | −0.05 (−0.24, 0.15) | .63 | −0.01 |
| p for trend | .44 | |||
| Number of cohabitants | ||||
| 0 (living alone) | 5.69 ± 2.38 | – | ||
| 1–3 | 6.34 ± 2.19 | 0.57 (0.28, 0.86) | <.001 | 0.05 |
| 4 or more | 6.47 ± 2.17 | 0.66 (0.33, 0.98) | <.001 | 0.06 |
| p for trend | <.001 | |||
| Household monthly income per person | ||||
| Lower | 6.40 ± 2.26 | – | ||
| Higher | 6.28 ± 2.18 | −0.13 (−0.29, 0.02) | .10 | −0.02 |
Missing data were excluded.
aFear of COVID-19: scale of 0 (no fear at all) to 10 (very fearful).
bMutually adjusted by all other sociodemographic factors.
cEffect size (Cohen’s d): small = 0.2 to <0.5, medium = 0.5 to <0.8, large = ≥0.8.
*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.