Table 5.

Identifiable Hypertension Caused by Drugs or Illicit Substances

Drug or Substance	Mechanisms for Hypertension
Diet pill, ephedrine, amphetamines, cocaine‐like agents	Catecholamine like‐actions
Glucocorticoids: multiple actions	Increased plasma volume, increased renin substrate, altered prostaglandin, and nitric oxide effects
NSAIDs36, 37	Impaired prostaglandin production
Oral contraceptive agents38	Multiple actions, increased renin substrate
Licorice39, 40	Inhibits 11‐OH dehydrogenase producing acquired AME syndrome
Cyclosporine and other calcineurin inhibitors41, 42	Multiple effects including alteration of endothelial function, NO metabolism and enhanced renal tubular Na‐K‐Cl cotransport via WNK pathways
Anti‐VEGF bevacizumab33	Multiple vascular effects

Abbreviations: AME, apparent mineralocorticoid excess; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.