TABLE 1—

Hypothetical Comparison of the Effects of Reducing Smoking to Zero and Decreasing Air Pollution by Three Levels of Exposure From the Population Perspective

	Smoking	Air Pollution
Prevalence of exposure	0.137	0.85
RR of effects of exposure^a	2.6	1.3
AFp^b	0.18	0.18
Mortality base rate per 1000	8	8
RR of effects of intervention (1 − AFp)	0.82	0.82
Intervention mortality rate per 1000	6.6	6.6
Risk difference per 1000^c	−1.44	−1.45
Number needed to treat	695	691
Deaths prevented per 30 million population	43 150	43 400

Note. AFp = population-attributable fraction; RR = relative risk.

^{^a}

Chen and Hoek² reported a pooled relative risk for mortality of 1.08 per 10 µg/m³. Three levels of exposure lead to a risk of 1.3 (1.08³).

^{^b}

AFp = p(RR − 1)/p(rr − 1) + 1 (Rothman et al.²⁰).

^{^c}

RD = BR × (RR − 1) (Newcombe and Bender¹⁹).