Table 1.
Baseline characteristics in patients by sex and in the total population studied
| Parameter | Total population | Male | Female | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 3534 | 1878 | 1656 | - |
| Age (years) | 60.7 ± 18.8 | 61.1 ± 17.8 | 60.3 ± 20.0 | 0.18 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White (n, %) | 3016 (85.3) | 1589 (84.6) | 1427 (86.2) | 0.49 |
| Black (n, %) | 103 (2.9) | 55 (2.9) | 48 (2.9) | |
| Asian (n, %) | 338 (9.6) | 188 (10.0) | 150 (9.1) | |
| Other (n, %) | 77 (2.2) | 46 (2.4) | 31 (1.9) | |
| Index of multiple deprivation | ||||
| 1 | 1571 (44.5%) | 815 (43.4%) | 756 (45.7%) | 0.15 |
| 2 | 703 (19.9%) | 366 (19.5%) | 337 (20.4%) | |
| 3 | 662 (18.7%) | 363 (19.3%) | 299 (18.1%) | |
| 4–5 | 268 (7.6%) | 157 (8.4%) | 111 (6.7%) | |
| Height (m) | 1.65 ± 0.12 | 1.71 ± 0.10 | 1.57 ± 0.10 | < 0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 77.29 ± 20.74 | 81.77 ± 19.28 | 72.18 ± 21.16 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.16 [8.50] | 27.05 [7.50] | 27.39 [9.90] | 0.03 |
| Diabetes (n, %) | 677 (19.2) | 389 (20.7) | 288 (17.4) | 0.01 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 1327 (37.5) | 751 (40.0) | 576 (34.8) | 0.001 |
| Coronary Heart Disease (n, %) | 430 (12.2) | 300 (16.0) | 130 (7.9) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke (n, %) | 127 (3.6) | 63 (3.4) | 64 (3.9) | 0.42 |
| Peripheral Vascular Disease (n, %) | 168 (4.8) | 120 (6.4) | 48 (2.9) | < 0.001 |
| Heart Failure (n, %) | 318 (9.0) | 188 (10.0) | 130 (7.9) | 0.02 |
| Renal Disease (n, %) | 160 (4.5) | 92 (4.9) | 68 (4.1) | 0.25 |
| Liver Disease (n, %) | 39 (1.1) | 24 (1.3) | 15 (0.9) | 0.29 |
| Pulmonary Disease (n, %) | 860 (24.3) | 380 (20.2) | 480 (29.0) | < 0.001 |
| Malignancy (n, %) | 440 (12.5) | 295 (15.7) | 145 (8.8) | < 0.001 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 1.14 ± 1.50 | 1.22 ± 1.59 | 1.05 ± 1.37 | 0.021 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Current | 921 (26.1%) | 520 (27.7%) | 401 (24.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Ex-smoker | 1286 (36.4%) | 777 (41.4%) | 509 (30.7%) | |
| Alcohol | ||||
| Moderate consumption (n, %) | 779 (22.0) | 547 (29.1) | 232 (14.0) | < 0.001 |
| Higher consumption (n, %) | 430 (12.2) | 312 (16.6) | 118 (7.1) | |
| Antihypertensive drugs (n, %) | 1642 (46.5) | 914 (48.7) | 728 (44.0) | 0.002 |
| ACEI (n, %) | 698 (19.8) | 428 (22.8) | 270 (16.3) | < 0.001 |
| ARB (n, %) | 285 (8.1) | 152 (8.1) | 133 (8.0) | 0.90 |
| CCB (n, %) | 595 (16.8) | 344 (18.3) | 251 (15.2) | 0.02 |
| Diuretics (n, %) | 710 (20.1) | 341 (18.2) | 369 (22.3) | 0.002 |
| Beta-blockers (n, %) | 569 (16.1) | 353 (18.8) | 216 (13.0) | < 0.001 |
| Alpha1-blockers (n, %) | 194 (5.5) | 149 (7.9) | 45 (2.7) | < 0.001 |
| Statins (n, %) | 430 (12.2) | 249 (13.3) | 181 (10.9) | 0.06 |
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (n, %) | 109 (3.1) | 54 (2.9) | 55 (3.3) | 0.47 |
| Proton-pump inhibitors or histamine H2-receptor antagonists (n, %) | 943 (26.7) | 488 (26.0) | 455 (27.5) | 0.57 |
| Haloperidol (n, %) | 78 (2.2) | 35 (1.9) | 43 (2.6) | 0.18 |
| e-GFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 86.71 [36.59] | 86.20 [35.94] | 87.39 [37.32] | 0.08 |
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | 74.00 [31.00] | 83.00 [33.00] | 64.50 [24.00] | < 0.001 |
| Urea (mmol/l) | 6.90 [4.20] | 7.10 [4.00] | 6.50 [4.40] | < 0.001 |
| Sodium (mmol/l) | 138.00 [4.00] | 138.00 [4.00] | 138.00 [4.00] | 0.12 |
| Potassium (mmol/l) | 4.20 [0.60] | 4.30 [0.60] | 4.20 [0.60] | < 0.001 |
| Haemoglobin (g/l) | 125.00 [30.00] | 129.00 [31.00] | 120.00 [28.00] | < 0.001 |
| Anaemia (n, %) | 1730 (49.0) | 937 (49.9) | 793 (47.9) | 0.267 |
ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers, BMI, body mass index; CCB, calcium channel blockers; IMD, index of multiple deprivation
Normally distributed variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation, non-normally distributed variables as median (interquartile range) and categorical variables as absolute frequency (proportion)