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. 2021 Mar 26;12:648280. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648280

Table 4.

Multilevel modeling predicting markers of psychological problems.

	Depression	Anxiety	Stress	DASS-21 total
	B (SE)	B (SE)	B (SE)	B (SE)
Individual-level variables
Age	−0.087 (0.007)^***	−0.061 (0.008)^***	−0.080 (0.008)^***	−0.085 (0.007)^***
Gender (female)	0.085 (0.016)^***	0.130 (0.18)^***	0.176 (0.016)^***	0.146 (0.016)^***
Psychological diagnosis	−0.268 (0.026)^***	−0.440 (0.029)^***	−0.213 (0.027)^***	−0.330 (0.026)^***
Psychological effect of COVID-19	0.341 (0.007)^***	0.295 (0.008)^***	0.401 (0.007)^***	0.388 (0.007)^***
PERMA Well-being	−0.331 (0.010)^***	−0.099 (0.011)^***	−0.051 (0.010)^***	−0.180 (0.010)^***
Mature Happiness (MHS-R)	−0.107 (0.010)^***	−0.168 (0.011)^***	−0.257 (0.010)^***	−0.198 (0.010)^***
Country-level variables
Severity of the pandemic	0.027 (0.039)	−0.081 (0.051)	0.033 (0.046)	−0.001 (0.044)
GDP	−0.009 (0.036)	−0.073 (0.046)	−0.028 (0.041)	−0.038 (0.039)
Interactions
Well-being ^X Psych. effect COVID-19	−0.060 (0.009)^***	0.015 (0.010)	−0.033 (0.009)^***	−0.005 (0.009)
MHS-R ^X Psych. effect COVID-19	−0.083 (0.009)^***	−0.089 (0.010)^***	−0.098 (0.009)^***	−0.100 (0.009)^***
Covariance parameters
Residual variance	0.537 (0.007)^***	0.704 (0.009)^***	0.580 (0.007)^***	0.540 (0.007)^***
Intercept variance	0.012 (0.005)^**	0.029 (0.008)^**	0.024 (0.007)^**	0.021 (0.006)^**
−2 log likelihood	27180.858	30493.272	28147.734	28147.734
χ² (df) difference with null model (ML)	6686.939(10)^***	3603.887(10)^***	5810.058(10) ^***	6650.364(10)^***

All coefficients are standardized.

^*

p < 0.05;

^**

p < 0.01;

^***

p < 0.001.