Table I.
Summary of COVID-19 Vaccine Candidates in Phase 3 or Phase 2/3 Clinical Trials
| Platform | Vaccine candidates | Description | Adjuvant(s) | Developer(s) | Phase 3 trial registration number | EUA as of January 29, 2021 | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adenovirus (Ad) vector | AZD1222 (ChAdOx1-S) | Non-replicating chimpanzee Ad isolate Y25 encoding a full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein | None | AstraZeneca and Oxford University |
ISRCTN89951424a |
EUA in the UK and other countries | (16) |
| Sputnik V (rAd26-S and rAd5-S) | Ad5 and Ad26 both encoding a full-length spike protein | None | Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology | EUA in Russia and other countries | (17) | ||
| Ad5-based candidate | Replication-defective human type 5 Ad encoding a full-length spike protein | None | CanSino Biological Inc. and Beijing Institute of Biotechnology | None | (18) | ||
| Ad26.CoV2.S | Recombinant, replication deficient Ad26 encoding a full-length, stabilized spike protein | None | Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V and the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center | None | (19) | ||
| Messenger RNA | mRNA-1273 | LNP-encapsulated mRNA encoding SARS-CoV-2 spike protein | None | Moderna/NIAID | EUA from FDA and EMA | (20) | |
| Comirnaty® (BNT162b2) | LNP-encapsulated nucleoside-modified mRNA encoding a full-length spike protein | None | Pfizer, BioNTech and FOSUN Pharma | EUA from FDA, EMA, UK as well as EUL from the WHO | (21) | ||
| CVnCoV | LNP-encapsulated mRNA encoding a full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein | None | CureVac | NCT04674189 | None | (22) | |
| Recombinant protein subunit | NVX-CoV2373 | A recombinant trimeric, full-length spike protein | Matrix-M1 | Novavax |
2020-004123-16b |
None | (23) |
| Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (ZF2001) | Dimeric form of RBD | Aluminum hydroxide | Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical and the Institute of Microbiology at the Chinese Academy of Sciences | NCT04646590 | None | (24) | |
| SCB-2019 | A recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer fusion protein | AS03 | Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc., GSK and Dynavax | NCT04672395 | None | (25) | |
| UB-612 | Multitope peptide-based spike protein S1 subunit RBD | CpG1 and aluminum phosphate | COVAXX and United Biomedical Inc. | NCT04683224 | None | (26) | |
| Inactivated viruses | CoronaVac | Chemically inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 | Aluminum hydroxide | SinoVac Biotech Ltd. | EUA in China and other countries | (27) | |
| Inactivated vaccine | Inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 | Aluminum hydroxide | Wuhan Institute of Biological Products and Sinopharm |
ChiCTR2000034780c ChiCTR2000039000c |
EUA in China | (28,29) | |
| BBIBP-CorV | Inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 | Aluminum hydroxide | Beijing Institute of Biological Products and Sinopharm | NCT04560881 NCT04510207 | EUA in China and other countries | ||
| Inactivated virus | Inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 | Aluminum hydroxide | Institute of Medical Biology with Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences | NCT04659239 | None | (30) | |
| COVAXIN™ (BBV152) | Inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 | Imidazoquinoline adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide | Bharat Biotech |
CTRI/2020/11/028976d |
EUA in India | (31) | |
| QazCovid-in® | Inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 | NA | Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Republic of Kazakhstan | NCT04691908 | None | (32) | |
| Plasmid DNA | ZyCoV-D | Plasmid DNA encoding SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and IgE signal peptide | None | Zydus Cadila | CTRI/2021/01/30416d | None | (33) |
| AG0301-COVID19 | Plasmid DNA encoding SARS-CoV-2 spike protein | None | AnGes, Takara Bio and Osaka University | NCT04655625 | None | (34) | |
| INO-4800 | Plasmid DNA encoding SARS-CoV-2 spike protein | None | Inovio Pharmaceuticals, the International Vaccine Institute and Advaccine (Suzhou) Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | NCT04642638 | None | (35) | |
| Virus-like particle | Coronavirus-like particle COVID-19 (CoVLP) | Plant-derived spike protein expressed as VLPs | AS03 | Medicago Inc. and GSK | NCT04636697 | None | (36) |
| Live attenuated vaccine | BCG | Live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis | None | TASK Applied Science | NCT04379336e | None | (37) |
| Murdoch Children’s Research Institute | NCT04327206e |
EMA European Medicines Agency, EUA emergency use authorization, EUL emergency use listing, RBD receptor-binding domain, LNP lipid nanoparticle, NA no available data, NIAID National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, VLPs virus-like particles
aThe ISRCTN registry
bEuropean Union Clinical Trials Register
cChinese Clinical Trial Registry
dThe Indian Clinical Trials Registry
eThese are representative examples of the many phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of BCG vaccine in cross-prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection