Table 2.

Model Comparison for Measurement Invariance

Study 1
Gender
Model	χ2	df	CFI	RMSEA	SRMR	Δχ2	Δdf	p-value
Configural	330.521	38	.940	.087	.048	-	-	-
Metric	343.865	45	.938	.081	.051	13.344	7	.064
Scalar	392.461	52	.930	.080	.055	48.596	7	<.001
Scalar – i=8	386.803	51	.931	.080	.054	42.938	6	<.001
Scalar – i=4,8	358.674	50	.936	.078	.052	14.809	5	.011
Education
Configural	366.760	73	.936	.089	.049	-	-	-
Metric	418.274	97	.929	.081	.062	51.514	24	<.001
Metric – i=4	398.611	94	.933	.080	.057	31.851	21	.061
Scalar – i=4	477.010	112	.920	.080	.062	78.399	18	<.001
Scalar— i=1,4	442.555	109	.927	.078	.060	43.944	15	<.001
Scalar— i=1,4,8	420.421	106	.931	.076	.058	21.810	12	.040
Race
Configural	362.330	76	.940	.086	.048	-	-	-
Metric	391.384	97	.939	.077	.054	29.054	21	.113
Scalar	432.118	118	.935	.073	.056	40.734	21	.006
Scalar – i=4	429.963	115	.934	.074	.056	38.579	18	.003
Study 2
Gender
Model	χ2	df	CFI	RMSEA	SRMR	χ2 diff	df	p-value
Configural	203.570	38	.931	.129	.056	-	-	-
Metric	226.160	45	.924	.124	.083	22.590	7	.002
Metric – i=8	222.697	44	.925	.125	.078	19.127	6	.004
Metric – i=4,8	213.567	43	.929	.123	.066	9.997	5	.075
Scalar – i=4,8	217.500	48	.929	.116	.067	3.933	5	.559
Education (high school degree and up to college degree)
Configural	194.722	38	.930	.131	.056	-	-	-
Metric	198.335	45	.932	.119	.061	3.613	7	.823
Scalar	203.153	52	.933	.110	.061	4.818	7	.682

Note: χ²=chi-square statistic; Δχ²=chi-square difference; df=degrees of freedom; i=item free to vary