Fig. 2.

Stress-associated common pathways (pathophysiology) converging from many genetic and environmental factors (pathogeneses). For any disease, there is a trajectory from the initial etiological factors (pathogeneses), including genetic (white circles) and environmental (blue circles) insults, to the clinical manifestations of the disease (symptoms) via common stress-associated pathways (pathophysiology). One of pathways is heavily mediated by the HPA axis, in which its dysregulation can lead to disturbance of brain maturation and subsequent behaviors in young adulthood. These common pathways may be considerd as potential targets for therapeutic intervention and prevention. Adapted from Srivastava and colleagues, with permission from Elsevier.²⁶