Table 1. Studies assessing body dysmorphic disorder among cosmetic surgery patients.
| Sl. No. | Study (year) and country | Procedure Sample size |
Tools of assessment | Prevalence of BDD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abbreviations: BDDE, body dysmorphic disorder examination; BDDE-SR, BDDQ, body dysmorphic disorder questionnaire; body dysmorphic disorder examination self-report; BDD–YBOCS, body dysmorphic disorder Yale–brown obsessive–compulsive scale; BDI, beck depression inventory; BDSS, body dysmorphic symptoms scale; BSQ, body shape questionnaire; DCQ, dysmorphic concern questionnaire; HADS, hospital anxiety and depression; MBSRQ, -multidimensional body self-relations questionnaire-appearance scales; SCL-90, scale symptom check list-90; SNOT 23, sinonasal outcome test-23. | ||||
| 1 | De Brito et al (2016) 67 and Brazil | Abdominoplasty n = 90 |
1. BDDE (clinician rated) 2. BSQ |
57% |
| 2 | Ramos et al (2019) 68 and Brazil | Rhinoplasty n = 80 |
1. (BDD-YBOCS) 2. (BDSS)-clinician rated |
48%: BDD symptoms 54%: appearance related OC symptoms |
| 3 | Joseph et al (2017) 69 and USA | Facial plastic and oculoplastic surgery n = 597 |
1. BDDQ 2. FACE-Q |
9.7%: BDD, 4.0%: clinically suspected of BDD by surgeons |
| 4 | Joseph et al (2017) 70 and UK | Septo rhinoplasty n = 84 (34 cases and 50 controls) |
1. BDDQ 2. SNOT-23 |
32%: high risk for BDD |
| 5 | Brito et al (2016) 71 and Brazil |
Abdominoplasty (
n
= 90)
Rhinoplasty ( n = 151) Rhytidectomy ( n = 59) |
BDDE | BDD symptoms: Abdominoplasty: 57% Rhinoplasty: 52% Rhytidectomy group: 42% |
| 6 | Woolley et al (2015) 10 and USA | Oculofacial plastic surgery n = 728 |
DCQ (cut-off 9) | 6.9% |
| 7 | Bender et al (2014) 72 and Germany | Functional rhinosurgery n = 186 |
1. BDI 2. PISA body dysmorphic symptom scale |
33.9%: mild or strong indication for BDD 1.7%: depression |
| 8 | Dey et al (2015) 73 and USA | Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery n = 234 |
1. BDDQ 2. BDD-SCID |
Reconstructive surgery: 1.8% Cosmetic surgery: 13.1% |
| 9 | Metcalfe et al (2014) 74 and USA | Breast reconstruction n = 188 |
DCQ | 17% |
| 10 | Dogruk Kacar et al (2014) 75 and Turkey | Dermatology and cosmetic dermatology n = 318 |
Brief self-report BDD screening questionnaire | 6.3% Higher prevalence in cosmetic dermatology (8.6%) than general dermatology (4.2%) |
| 11 | Mr et al (2013) 76 and Iran | Aesthetic rhinoplasty n = 130 |
1. BDDQ 2. HADS |
31.5% |
| 12 | Vargel et al (2001) 77 and Turkey | Cosmetic surgery n = 20 cases and 20 controls |
1. SCL-90 2. BDI 3. MBSRQ |
20% |
| 13 | Sarwer et al (1998) 78 and USA | Cosmetic surgery n = 100 |
1. MBSRQ 2. BDDE-SR |
7% |