Table 2. Depression and anxiety symptoms in clients seeking cosmetic surgery.
| Sl. no. | Study (year) and country | Cosmetic procedure Sample size | Scales | Prevalence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abbreviations: DAS59, Derriford appearance scale; GHQ, general health questionnaire; MINI, mini international neuropsychiatric interview; NEO-FFI, neuroticism-extraversion-openness five-factor inventory; SQLP, Subjective Quality of Life Profile; STAI, state–trait anxiety inventory; TPQ, tri dimensional personality questionnaire (TPQ); YBOCS, Yale–brown obsessive–compulsive scale. | ||||
| 1 | Saariniemi et al (2012) 13 and Finland | Aesthetic augmentation mammaplasty n = 79 |
1. Eating disorder inventory 2. Raitasalo’s modification of the BDI 3. 15D general QOL questionnaire |
Anxiety: Baseline (22%) and 6 months postoperatively (14%) Depression: Baseline (11%) and 6 months postoperatively (8%) Disordered eating: Same rate at baseline and postoperatively (8%) |
| 2 | Paula et al (2018) 14 and Brazil | Cosmetic breast Surgery n = 185 |
BDI (≥15 points) | Depression: Public institutions: 25.8% Private institutions: 11.4% |
| 3 | Wei et al (2018) 18 and China | Aesthetic plastic surgery n = 315 |
HADS | Anxiety: 10.8% Depression: 4.8% Anxiety and depression: 1.9% |
| 4 | Clarke et al (2012) 19 and UK | Cosmetic surgery n = 500 |
1. DAS59 2. HADS 3. Structured clinical interview |
Severe anxiety: 18% Severe depression: 7% |
| 5 | Chahraoui et al (2006) 15 and France | Reduction mammaplasty n = 20 |
1. SQLP 2. STAI 3. GHQ |
Trait anxiety, state anxiety, and quality of life(pain, physical appearance, social life, and inner life) were significantly better at 4 months postoperatively |
| 6 | Beraldo et al (2016) 16 and Brazil | Reduction mammaplasty n = 30 cases and 30 controls |
1. Female sexual function index 2. BDI |
Depression and sexual function scores were significantly better than the control group at 6 months postoperatively |
| 7 | Pavan et al (2013) 17 and Italy | Overweight/obese patients referring to plastic surgery n = 35 cases and 30 controls |
1. BSQ 2. TPQ 3. NEO-FFI 4. MINI 5. YBOCS 6. BDI |
Cases: Ongoing major depression: 8.6% Lifetime major depression: 57.1% Controls: Ongoing major depression: 3.7% Lifetime major depression: 14.8% Patients had higher scores for TPQ Reward Dependence factor (RD4), BSQ and on all obsessive and compulsive aspects in YBOCS Also, higher scores in openness to experience was found in controls on NEO-FFI |