Table 2.
Further characteristics of the 19 papers included in the study
| Authors | OR baseline established | Use of intraop. rating scale | Recorded operative time | Patient outcomes recorded | Time spent on simulation training | Control group training | Clinically relevant effect | Effect of training on patient outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wooster et al. [27] | No | No | Yes | No | Pre-op. rehearsal ≤ 24 h | None | No | NA |
| Maertens et al. [41] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Time until proficiency | Continued conventional training | Yes | No |
| Zevin et al. [52] | No | Yes | No | No | Time until proficiency | Continued conventional training | NA | NA |
| Desender et al. [29] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Pre-operative rehearsal once | Rehearsal after procedure | Yes | No |
| Nilsson et al. [17] | No | Yes | No | No | 2 h | None | No | NA |
| Waterman et al. [46] | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | 1 h | Continued conventional training | Yes | NA |
| Shore et al. [15] | No | Yes | Yes | No | 14 h | Continued conventional training | Yes | NA |
| Patel et al. [6] | Yes | Yes | No | No | 1.5 h | Continued conventional training | NA | NA |
| Dunn et al. [47] | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | 1 h | Continued conventional training | No | NA |
| Peltan et al. [29] | No | Yes | No | Yes | Time until proficiency | Continued conventional training | Yes | No |
| Grover et al. [42] | No | Yes | No | No | 8 h | Simulation training without feedback | Yes | NA |
| Carlsen et al. [48] | No | Yes | Yes | No | 1 day skills lab course | Continued conventional training | Yes | NA |
| Koch et al. [49] | Yes | No | No | No | Number of procedures** | Number of procedures** | Yes | NA |
| Zendejas et al. [14] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Time until proficiency | Continued conventional training | Yes | Yes |
| Kessler et al. [6] | No | No | No | No | Time until proficiency | Continued conventional training | Yes | NA |
| Calatayud et al. [30] | No | Yes | No | No | 0.75 h | Surgeons served as own controls | Yes | NA |
| Haycock et al. [50] | No | Yes | Yes | No | 16 h | 16 h of practice on patients | No | NA |
| Ahlberg et al. [2] | No | No | Yes | No | Time until proficiency | Continued conventional training | Yes | NA |
| Cohen et al. [51] | No | No | No | No | 10 h | Continued conventional training | Yes | NA |
*Study population refers to number of surgeons
**Number of completed VR cases; group i was tested twice in patient after 10, 30, and 50 VR cases completed; group ii was tested twice in patients after 20, 60, and 100 VR cases completed