Table 3.
Study design, sample, setting, and mediators tested
| Study | Design | Sample | Setting/country | Mediators tested |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Almeida et al. (2009) | Cross sectional |
n = 1032 103 LGB, 929 non-LGB |
Public high schools Boston, USA |
Perceived discrimination |
| 2. Burns et al. (2016) | Longitudinal |
n = 4824 149 LGB, 4675 non-LGB |
Community sample of adults Australia |
Major life events Social support Health and behaviors Behavioral activation and inhibition |
| 3. Burton et al. (2013) | Longitudinal |
n = 197 55 LGB, 137 non-LGB |
Adolescent medicine clinics Pennsylvania and Ohio, USA |
Sexual minority specific victimization |
| 4. Donahue et al. (2017) | Cross sectional |
n = 3987 331 LGB, 3656 non-LGB |
Population-based sample of adolescent twins Sweden |
Victimization |
| 5. Frisell et al. (2009) | Cross sectional |
n = 16,728 1241 had same-sex partners, 15,487 did not have same-sex partners |
Population-based sample of adult twins Sweden |
Perceived victimization Hate crime victimization |
| 6. Frost and LeBlanc (2014) | Cross sectional |
n = 431 239 LGB, 192 non-LGB |
Online study of adults USA and Canada |
Nonevent stress |
| 7. Hatzenbuehler et al. (2008) | Longitudinal |
n = 1071 29 LGB, 1042 non-LGB |
Middle schools Connecticut, USA |
Emotional regulation: emotional awareness and rumination |
| 8. Hatzenbuehler et al. (2012) | Cross sectional |
n = 14,319 151 LG, 708 BI, 13,353 non-LGB |
Nationally representative sample of adolescents USA |
Social isolation Degree of connectedness Social status |
| 9. Hughes et al. (2014) | Cross sectional |
n = 1573 326 L, 124 ML, 27 BI 72 MH, 1573 non-LGB |
Women from two large studies (national & Chicago Metropolitan area) USA |
Victimization |
| 10. Krueger et al. (2018) | Cross sectional |
n = 14,216 11,756 concordant Ha, 539 LGB, 1406 MH, 515 discordanta H |
Nationally representative sample of young adults USA |
Perceived stress |
| 11. la Roi et al. (2016) | Longitudinal |
n = 1738 151 LGB, 1587 non-LGB |
Large cohort study of adolescents Five municipalities in the north of Netherlands (urban and rural) |
Peer victimization Parental rejection |
| 12. Luk et al. (2018) | Longitudinal |
n = 2396 99 LGB, 2080 non-LGB |
Nationally representative sample of adolescents and young adults USA |
Family satisfaction Peer support Cyberbullying victimization Unmet medical needs |
| 13. Luk et al. (2019) | Longitudinal |
n = 2012 1839 H, 37 LG, 104 BI, 32 Q |
National cohort study of adolescents USA |
Cyber behaviors (weekday time spent on cyber behavior, weekend time spent on cyber behavior, social media use) |
| 14. Martin-Storey and August (2016) | Cross sectional |
n = 251 93 LGB, 158 non-LGB |
University and college students Southwestern city, USA |
Harassment due to gender nonconformity Harassment due to sexual minority status |
| 15. Martin-Storey and Crosnoe (2012) | Cross sectional |
n = 957 40 LGB, 917 non-LGB |
Multi-site study of adolescents USA |
Harassment due to sexual minoritystatus Self-concept Self-regulation Friendship quality Parental support Quality of the school environment |
| 16. McLaren (2008) | Cross sectional |
n = 386 184 L, 202 non-LGB |
Community sample of women Victoria, Australia (urban, rural, regional areas) |
Sense of belonging |
| 17. McLaren et al. (2007) | Cross sectional |
n = 273 137 G, 136 non-LGB |
Community sample of men Australia |
Sense of belonging |
| 18. McLaughlin et al. (2012) | Cross sectional |
n = 13,962 227 LG, 245 BI, 13,490 non-LGB |
National cohort study of adolescents/young adults USA |
Exposure to adversity |
| 19. McNair et al. (2005) | Cross sectional |
n = 19,559 Younger cohort: n = 9260 92 L, 75 BI, 634 MH, 8482 non-LB Mid-age cohort: n = 10,299 126 L, 16 BI, 122 MH, 10,035 non-LB |
Large national sample of women Australia |
Stress Abuse Social support |
| 20. Mereish et al. (2019) | Cross sectional |
n = 1129 839 H, 224 MH, 66 LGB |
Children and adolescents in a large county in North Carolina USA |
Cyber victimization Bias-based victimization |
| 21. Miller and Irvin (2016) | Cross sectional |
n = 4769 95 LGB, 4674 non-LGB |
Nationally representative sample of intimate partner violence survivors USA |
Type of victimization Emotional support |
| 22. Needham and Austin (2010) | Cross sectional (baseline data as confounder) |
n = 11,195 193 LG, 192 BI, 10,768 non-LGB |
Nationally representative sample of adolescents and young adults USA |
Parental support |
| 23. Oginni et al. (2018) | Cross sectional |
n = 162 81 Gay, 81 H |
University sample South-Western Nigeria |
Family-related variables Resilience |
| 24. Pakula et al. (2016) | Cross sectional |
n = 222,548 2893 LG, 2225 BI, 217,652 non-LGB |
Large national multi-year sample of adults Canada |
Perceived life stress |
| 25. Pearson and Wilkinson (2013) | Longitudinal |
n = 11,601 770 LGB, 10,831 non-LGB |
Nationally representative sample of adolescents USA |
Family relationships: Perceived parental closeness Parental involvement Perceived family support |
| 26. Przedworski et al. (2015) | Cross sectional |
n = 4673 232 LGB, 4441 H |
National study of medical students USA |
Social stressors |
| 27. Riley et al. (2016) | Longitudinal |
n = 1777 75 LGB, 1702 H |
First year university students USA |
Stress Coping styles |
| 28. Robinson et al. (2013) | Longitudinal |
n = 4135 187 LGB, 3948 H |
Nationally representative sample of young people UK |
Victimization |
| 29. Rosario et al. (2014) | Longitudinal |
n = 6122 101, 101 BI, 611 MH, 5309 H |
Cohort study of early adolescent children USA |
Attachment Parental affection |
| 30. Safren and Heimberg (1999) | Cross sectional |
n = 104 56 LGB, 48 non-LGB |
Community sample of youth Philadelphia USA |
Social support Coping Stress |
| 31. Sigurvinsdottir and Ullman (2016) | Longitudinal |
n = 905 95 BI, 810 non-LGB |
Community sample of bisexual and heterosexual sexual assault women survivors Chicago metropolitan area, USA |
Perceived social support Frequency of social contact |
| 32. Smith et al. (2016) | Cross sectional |
n = 299 29 LGB, 270 non-LGB |
Undergraduate psychology students in a large public university Pacific Northwest, USA |
Institutional betrayal |
| 33. Shenkman et al. (2019) | Cross sectional |
n = 795 445 H, 350 LG |
Online convenience/targeted sample Israel |
Attachment avoidance |
| 34. Spencer and Patrick (2009) | Cross sectional |
n = 306 66 LG, 24 BI |
Online convenience sample of young adults USA |
Social support Personal mastery |
| 35. Szalacha et al. (2017) | Cross sectional |
n = 8850 568 MH, 100 BI, 99 L, 8083 non-LB |
National study of women Australia |
Interpersonal violence |
| 36. Tate and Patterson (2019) | Cross sectional |
n = 15,701 14,973 H and MH, 248 BI, 340 LG |
Large national sample of young adults |
Mother relationship quality Father relationship quality Perceived stress |
| 37. Teasdale and Bradley-Engen (2010) | Longitudinal |
n = 11,243 787 LGB, 10,456 non-LGB |
Large national sample of adolescents USA |
Social stress Social support |
| 38. Ueno (2010) | Cross sectional |
n = 1492 64 had same-sex contact, 1428 did not have same-sex contact |
Community sample of young adults Miami-Dade, USA |
Victimization Major discrimination events Daily discrimination Negative life events Chronic strains Family support Friend support Optimism Mastery Self-esteem Mattering Fun-seeking orientation Relationship status Number of sexual relationships Early first sex Parents’ permissiveness of drug use Friends’ permissiveness of drug use Friends’ drug use |
| 39. Wong et al. (2017) | Cross sectional |
n = 1076 142 LGB, 934 H |
Multi-site university sample China |
Dating violence Sexual orientation concealment |
| 40. Woodford et al. (2014) | Cross sectional |
n = 2428 426 LGB, 2002 H |
University students Midwest, USA |
Interpersonal mistreatment |
LGB, lesbian, gay, bisexual; L, lesbian; ML, mostly lesbian; G, gay; BI, bisexual MH mostly heterosexual; H, heterosexual; Q, questioning
aConcordant H identified as heterosexual and their reported attractions and behaviors were all toward the opposite sex. Discordant H identified as heterosexual but reported same-sex attractions and/or behaviors