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. 2021 Apr 9;11:7838. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87476-5

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Conditional Rac1 KO in alpha-motor neurons reduces abnormal dendritic spine morphology associated with SCI and hyperreflexia. Analysis of dendritic spine profiles reveals differences in (B–D) spine density and (E–F) distribution. (A) Reconstructed dendritic segments from tdTomato filled spinal motor neurons showing apparent differences in dendritic spine profile between Sham, SCI and SCI Rac1−/− (arrow denotes spine). (B) Total spine density, which includes all spines, was significantly lower in the SCI Rac1−/− compared to control (* = p < 0.05). (C) There was no difference in the density of thin-shaped spines between groups. (D) SCI induced a significant increase in mushroom spine density compared to Sham (* = p < 0.05). In contrast, SCI Rac1−/− reduced mushroom spine density compared to SCI (* = p < 0.05). (E–G) Assessment of dendritic spine density within the (E) proximal (0–40 µm), (F) medial (40–80 µm) and (G) distal (80–120 µm) dendritic branches of tdTomato filled motor neurons. (E, G) Dendritic spine density was not different within the proximal or distal region between Sham, SCI and SCI Rac1−/−. (F) SCI induced an increase in mushroom spine density in the medial region, which was not observed in SCI Rac1−/− animals (# = p < 0.05). Graphs are mean ± SEM. Scale bar in (A) = 10 µm.