Figure 2.

Meta-analytic safety profiles comparing third-generation beta-blockers (carvedilol and nebivolol) to atenolol across six secondary outcomes (all-cause mortality, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, heart failure, sudden cardiac death, unstable angina, and cardiovascular event) and 46 safety outcomes listed on product labels.

Points and lines identify calibrated HR estimates with their 95% CIs, respectively. Outcomes in grey signify that the CI covers an HR of 1 (null hypothesis of no differential risk). The cardiovascular event outcome includes acute myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, and sudden cardiac death.

Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; PS, propensity score; 3rd-gen BBs, third-generation beta-blockers