Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants in the CARDIA Study According to 2017 ACC/AHA Guideline for Blood Pressure Classification
| Characteristics* | Overall (n=5,079) | Baseline Blood Pressure Groups† | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal (n=3,331) | Elevated (n=516) | Stage 1 HTN (n=934) | Stage 2 HTN (n=298) | ||
| Age, y | 29.8±3.7 | 29.6±3.7 | 29.2±3.7 | 30.1±3.6 | 31.3±3.2 |
| Female, n (%) | 2,778 (54.7) | 2,190 (65.7) | 139 (26.9) | 330 (35.3) | 119 (39.9) |
| Black, n (%) | 2,614 (51.5) | 1,598 (48.0) | 281 (54.5) | 535 (57.3) | 200 (67.1) |
| Education, y | 14.3±2.7 | 14.4±2.8 | 14.0±2.4 | 14.1±2.5 | 13.7±2.5 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.2±5.3 | 24.4±4.7 | 25.9±4.8 | 26.7±6.0 | 28.9±7.4 |
| Smoking, n (%) | |||||
| Current | 1,533 (30.2) | 1,014 (30.5) | 172 (33.3) | 247 (26.4) | 100 (33.7) |
| Past | 706 (13.9) | 475 (14.3) | 75 (14.5) | 130 (13.9) | 26 (8.8) |
| Never | 2,838 (55.9) | 1,841 (55.3) | 269 (52.1) | 557 (59.6) | 171 (57.6) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 177.2±31.1 | 175.0±30.0 | 178.2±30.4 | 181.1±32.1 | 187.6±37.0 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 130.4±31.6 | 127.8±30.5 | 132.0±31.7 | 135.2±32.5 | 141.5±36.7 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 53.3±12.6 | 54.3±12.4 | 51.7±12.6 | 51.7±13.0 | 49.6±12.0 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 108.9±9.9 | 103.9±6.5 | 116.7±4.5 | 116.7±7.3 | 126.6±10.3 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 68.4±8.3 | 64.8±5.9 | 68.6±5.4 | 76.2±5.0 | 84.0±8.6 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 82.6±16.4 | 81.4±13.7 | 84.3±14.1 | 84.5±20.6 | 87.8±27.0 |
| Physical activity, units‡ | 396.1±256.5 | 383.9±249.5 | 470.2±279.1 | 407.6±260.3 | 367.8±257.2 |
| Excessive alcohol use, n (%) | 673 (13.3) | 366 (11.0) | 89 (17.2) | 158 (16.9) | 60 (20.2) |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m² | 122.0±22.9 | 121.2±23.0 | 124.9±24.3 | 123.1±22.0 | 123.3±22.4 |
| No. of clinic visits§ | 2.8±0.5 | 2.7±0.6 | 2.8±0.6 | 2.8±0.5 | 2.9±0.5 |
BMI, body mass index; CARDIA, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HTN, hypertension; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
Data are presented as mean (SD) unless otherwise specified.
Based on cumulative data obtained during CARDIA clinic visits taken place at Y0, Y2 and Y5; the latter defined the follow-up start date for the main analysis. Average values are presented for BMI, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, SBP, DBP, and physical activity (last available information for the other variables presented).
Classification based on the highest blood pressure measured during CARDIA Y0, Y2 and Y5 clinic visits.
As assessed with the CARDIA Physical Activity History questionnaire.
Number of clinic visits from Y0 (first CARDIA examination) to Y5 (after which follow-up began).