. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Anim Cogn. 2020 Oct 28;24(2):311–328. doi: 10.1007/s10071-020-01443-7

Table 5.

Linear models predicting adult phenotypes from puppy phenotypes. Significant predictors are indicated in bold.

adult outcome	puppy predictor	β	t	p

human interest: avg look time r² = 0.17	communicative marker	0.0906	1.1517	0.2512
	arm pointing	0.2216	2.8286	0.0053
	retrieval (high engagement)	0.2027	2.6959	0.0078
	memory: all delays	0.1511	2.0418	0.0429

auditory discrimination r² = 0.11	arm pointing	0.1268	1.6908	0.0929
	visual discrimination	0.1401	1.5459	0.1242
	human interest: attentive	0.1241	1.7182	0.0878
	cylinder: reversal learning	0.2446	3.4026	0.0000
	memory: all delays	−0.0496	−0.686	0.4937

problem solving A: success r² = 0.30	laterality: laterality index	0.1208	1.7173	0.088
	visual discrimination	−0.1064	−1.2165	0.2257
	auditory discrimination	0.1431	1.9663	0.0511
	retrieval (high engagement)	0.2485	3.5372	0.0000
	cylinder: reversal learning	−0.0656	−0.9478	0.3448

cylinder: reversal learning r² = 0.11	cylinder: quick to solve	0.1557	2.0561	0.0414
	cylinder: inhibitory control	0.1759	2.3023	0.0226
	unsolvable: independent	0.12	1.5727	0.1178

cylinder: inhibitory control r² = 0.07	laterality: laterality index	0.1842	2.3505	0.0200
cylinder: inhibitory control r² = 0.07	memory: all delays	0.1809	2.346	0.0202

memory: all delays r² = 0.04	laterality: bias strength	0.1435	1.7640	0.0797
memory: all delays r² = 0.04	communicative marker	0.1239	1.4890	0.1385