Table 2.
Overview of all included studies in systematic review
| Reference | Study type | Location | Delivery mode (number) | Gestational age (week) | Feeding type | Use of antibiotics | Sample collection time | Quality score | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CS | VD | ||||||||
| Lee [32] | Cross-sectional | Korea | 3 | 3 | Not reported | A combination of breastfeeding formula feeding | No use of antibiotics | 1–3 days | 8 |
| 1 month after birth | |||||||||
| 6 months after birth | |||||||||
| Nagpal [33] | Cohort | Japan | 17 | 134 | 38 | Exclusive breastfeeding | Antibiotic is given to 3 VD-born infants | 24–48 h after birth | 9 |
| 3–7 days after birth | |||||||||
| 1, 3, and 6 months after birth | |||||||||
| 3 years after birth | |||||||||
| Martin et al. [2] | Cross-sectional | Belgium | 28 | 80 | <37 | Exclusive breastfeeding; a combination of breastfeeding formula feeding | Antibiotics is given to 6 infants | the first bowel movement | 8 |
| 2 days after the first bowel movement | |||||||||
| 1 week after birth | |||||||||
| 1, 3, and 6 months after birth | |||||||||
| 1 week after stopping breastfeeding | |||||||||
| Azad [34] | Cohort | Canada | 43 | 155 | 38 | Exclusive breastfeeding, partial breastfeeding | No use of antibiotics in infants, | 3 months after birth | 7 |
| No use of antibiotic prophylaxis in 96 women during the delivery, | 1 year after birth | ||||||||
| Use of antibiotic prophylaxis in 102 women during the delivery | |||||||||
| Madan et al. [24] | Cohort | United States | 32 | 70 | <37 | Exclusive breastfeeding; exclusive formula feeding; a combination of breastfeeding formula feeding | 6 weeks after birth | 8 | |
| Liu [35] | Cross-sectional | China | 16 | 25 | 38–40 | A combination of breastfeeding formula feeding; | No use of antibiotics in infants | 2 days after birth | 8 |
| Use of antibiotic prophylaxis in women prior to cesarean section | 4 days after birth | ||||||||
| Azad [36] | Cohort | Canada | 6 | 18 | 37–41 | 9 babies not breastfed, 5 babies breastfed partially, and 10 babies breastfed exclusively | 19 infants not used antibiotics, not to mention the use of antibiotics for 2 babies who were given ampicillin and gentamicin to 1 VD-born infant (2 days), amoxicillin is given to 2 CS-born infants (6–12 weeks), 12 women not use the antibiotics, 1 woman did not use antibiotic seriously, ampicillin is given to 1 woman after delivery, during 20 weeks of gestation azithromycin penicillin G are given to 1 woman, | 3–4 months after birth | 8 |
| Cephalexin is given to one woman during the 31st week of pregnancy, | |||||||||
| Cefazolin is given to 2 women prior to cesarean section, | |||||||||
| Clindamycin is given to 1 woman prior to cesarean section, | |||||||||
| Penicillin G is given to three women, | |||||||||
| Cephalexin is given to 1 woman after cesarean section, | |||||||||
| Cefazolin and metronidazole are given to 1 woman after cesarean section | |||||||||