Table 3.
The diversity and colonization rates of neonatal gut microbiota
| Author | The method to identify and detect the bacteria | Sampling time (days) | Microbiota (mean/number) % | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clostridium | Bacteroides | Bifidobacterium | Lactobacillus | Staphylococcus | Enterobacter | Streptococcus | Enterococcus | |||||||||||
| NVD | CS | NVD | CS | NVD | CS | NVD | CS | NVD | CS | NVD | CS | NVD | CS | NVD | CS | |||
| Lee [32] | 16SrRNA gene analysis performed by 454 pyrosequencing of the V1–V3 regions | From birth to the 7th day | 0.2 | 0.0 | 11.9 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 33.3 | 1.0 | 18.7 | NR* | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 8–30 | 0.0 | 33.1 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 24.3 | 1.1 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 4.09 | 0.007 | ||||||||
| 91–180 | 0.1 | 31.2 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.007 | 0.002 | ||||||||
| Nagpal [33] | RNA Extraction and RT-qPCR | After the 1st year of life | 4.0 ± 0.9 | 3.9 ± 0.6 | 5.3 ± 2.0 | 5.0 ± 2.3 | 5.7 ± 1.7 | 5.7 ± 1.6 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 5.0 | 5.4 ± 1.5 | 5.9 ± 1.7 | 7.0 ± 1.8 | 5.9 ± 1.6 | 4.4 ± 1.2 | 3.9 ± 0.6 | 5.0 ± 1.8 | 4.9 ± 1.8 |
| Martin et al. [2] | DNA was extracted from the PBS-suspension mentioned above and subjected to qPCR | From birth to the 7th day | 12.8 | 23.2 | 23.6 | 0.2 | 41.8 | 11.7 | 30.9 | 11.7 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 52.2 | 49.3 |
| 8–30 | 24.1 | 53.6 | 33.9 | 3 | 61.5 | 35.7 | 34.1 | 33.9 | 72.2 | 92.9 | ||||||||
| 31–90 | 33.3 | 35.7 | 40.0 | 15.4 | 69.8 | 65.1 | 31.4 | 35.7 | 89.7 | 96.5 | ||||||||
| 91–180 | 36.4 | 34.6 | 46.2 | 26.2 | 77.3 | 79.8 | 28.6 | 23.0 | 97.4 | 100 | ||||||||
| Azad [34] | DNA extraction and amplification Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing, and taxonomic classification | 31–90 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 29.4 | 0.2 | 5.0 | 5.8 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 16.6 | 27.9 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 181–360 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 50.2 | 42.2 | 2.0 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.2 | ||||||||||
| Madan et al. [24] | next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene | 31–90 | 5.1 | 8.8 | 34.6 | 20.7 | 23.3 | 17.4 | 2.5 | 4.2 | 1.6 | 3.4 | NR | NR | 12.1 | 14.0 | 4.3 | 8.7 |
| Liu [35] | polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis in combination with 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing of the clones corresponding to the degenerating gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) bands | From birth to the 7th day | 0.0 | 5.7 | 8.2 | 2.8 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 4.8 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 0.6 | 5.1 | 0.7 | 2.3 |
| Azad [36] | signature gene used was 16S rRNA | From birth to the 7th day | 2.8 ± 2.0 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 36.6 ± 7.8 | 48.6 ± 14.8 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 13.7 ± 2.7 | 6.2 ± 3.1 | 4.7 ± 2.4 | 8.7 ± 6.8 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 0.9 ± 0.8 |
*NR: not reported.